Chapter 13 A House Divided, 1840–1861

Fruits of Manifest Destiny  Continental Expansion  Caused slavery moved to center of national politics  by 1840s:  Nearly all land east of Mississippi was in white hands  Economic crisis pushed settlers west  Manifest Destiny increased in these years  The Mexican Frontier: New Mexico and California  Mexico achieves independence from Spain in 1821  Opens up a new frontier for American settlers

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Map 13.1 The Trans-Mississippi West, 1830s – 1840s

Fruits of Manifest Destiny  The Texas Revolt  Mexico allowed Americans to settle in hopes of developing area  By 1830, Americans outnumbered Tejanos  Slavery exacerbated tensions  Mexico had abolished slavery, but Texas local authorities allowed American settlers to bring slave with them  Texas revolted from Mexico in 1835, won independence in 1837.

Fruits of Manifest Destiny  The Election of 1844  Henry Clay – Whigs  James K. Polk – Democrats  Polk “first dark horse candidate in American history!”  Days before Polk’s inauguration, Texas was annexed by Congress

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Map 13.2 The Mexican War,

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Map 13.3 Gold – Rush California

A Dose of Arsenic  Victory over Mexico raised the fatal political issue that plunged the nation into civil war  Expansion of slavery into the West  The Wilmot Proviso:  1846  Proposed the prohibiting of slavery from all territory acquired from Mexico  Passed the House  Failed the Senate

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Map 13.4 Continental Expansion through 1853

A Dose of Arsenic  The Free Soil Appeal  Popular in North  Western Territories = economic advancement  Slavery prevents economic growth for the laborers  Southern rebuttal  Violation of equal rights  Fed gov’t had no right to keep them from brining property into territories

A Dose of Arsenic  Crisis and Compromise  California asked to be admitted in 1850  Compromise of 1850  CA = Free  Stronger Fugitive Slave Law  Status of slavery in territories acquired from Mexico would be left to a vote by inhabitants  U.S. would pay off Texas debt accumulated while “independent”

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Map 13.5 The Compromise of 1850

A Dose of Arsenic  The Fugitive Slave Issue  Allowed federal commissioners to determine alleged fugitives w/o a jury or testimony  Local authorities could not interfere  Required individual citizens to help  Contradiction of southern states’ rights argument!

A Dose of Arsenic  Douglas and Popular Sovereignty  Strong believer in western development  Needed formal governments to be instituted for this to happen  South opposed this!  Pop Sovereignty  Status of slavery would be dicided by the local settlers, not Congress

A Dose of Arsenic  The Kansas-Nebraska Act  Allowed fo popular sovereignty in the two territories  Shattered the Democratic Party  Led to the emergence of a new party dedicated to ending the expansion of slavery –  THE REPUBLICAN PARTY

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Map 13.6 The Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

The Rise of the Republican Party  The Rise and Fall of the Know-Nothings  “I know nothing”  Nativist sentiment  The Free Labor Ideology  Primary goal to open the west to the free market  See Seward in Voices of Freedom*

The Rise of the Republican Party  Bleeding Kansas and the Election of 1856  Fueled Republican Party’s growth  Two rival governments emerge  Pro- Slavery (Illegal)  Free- Soilers  Fighting breaks out  200 people die  Seemed to discredit Stephen Douglas’s popular sovereignty policy  1856 Election  James Buchanan and John C. Freemont  Showed the parties had reorganized

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Map 13.7 The railroad network, 1850s

The Emergence of Lincoln Lincoln’s rise to power & the impending sectional crisis Abraham Lincoln’s nick name, “The Railsplitter,”

The Emergence of Lincoln  The Dred Scott Decision  Traveled to Missouri w/ owner  Sued upon return  Court sided w/ owner  See Excerpt*  The Decision’s Aftermath  Mo. Compromise unconstitutional?  Slavery = legal & constitutional in ALL western territories!  Buchannan attempts to admit Kansas as a slave state, but Douglass, with the republicans, blocks him!

The Emergence of Lincoln  Lincoln and Slavery  Lincoln re-enters politics in 1854, b/c of the KNA!  Willing to compromise  Halt the expansion ONLY!  Believed in “some” or basic rights for blacks  Own their own labor

The Emergence of Lincoln  The Lincoln-Douglas Campaign  1858 Illinois Senate Election  Douglas v. Lincoln  Lincoln – “the nation will not survive half-slave and half free”  Lincoln- Douglass Debates  Classic of American History  Different definitions of the heart  Lincoln – Freedom = abolishing slavery (eventually)  Douglas – resided in local self-government  Douglas wins; but, Lincoln is now on the MAP!

The Emergence of Lincoln JJohn Brown at Harpers Ferry 11859 AArmed slave revolt PPlan made “little sense” (GML 525) NNorth = Hero SSouth = Radical Terrorist and/ or Insane **Last words – (GML 525) TThe Rise of Southern Nationalism NNationalism: ________________________________. FFuture more favorable outside the Union PPROTECTION OF SLAVERY was key issue ““Slavery is our king” – SC politician

TThe Democratic Split DDouglas’s position of Kansas alienated pro-slave southerners SSouthern Dems v. Northern Dems TThe Nomination of Lincoln RRepublican for president LLincoln’s positives: ccommitment to preserving the Union mmoral opposition to slavery appealed to abolitionists. NNo association with the nativist, Know-Nothing wing of the party, And he could ensure Illinois’s votes. TThe 1860 Republicans Platform was at its core against the expansion of slavery!

 The Election of 1860  Two different elections!?!?!?  Lincoln carried all of the North  Breckinridge carried most slave states  Bell carried the upper South  Douglas had support in all areas of country, but not enough  North pop = Lincoln victory! NORTHSOUTH Lincoln v. DouglasDouglas v. Breckinridge, v. John Bell

1861 Political Cartoon “Lincoln the Cat”