GEO 565 Options Option 1 - Term Paper Option 2 - Project (GIS analyses and map series) Option 3 - Annotated Bibliography uploaded to the web Choose which option you want by Tue., January 20th Term Papers or uploading of web site due by 5:00, Fri., March 13th NO EXTENSIONS!

GEO 565 Term Paper (1) 20 pages (double-spaced) INCLUDING figures and references MS-word doc sent by preferred flexible on subject matter of paper specify and follow a scholarly journal format!! specify key words points will be subtracted if these specifications are omitted

Suggested Content look at current uses of GIS in your area of interest other fields identify potential for furthering research research/management questions describe a study in progress (proposal?)

GEO 565 Annotated Bibliography (3) MUST be web-based Don’t know HTML? Don’t panic! Resources will be available - it’s easy! Upload your page(s) by Friday, March 13th, 5:00 p.m. See dusk.geo.orst.edu/gis/projects.html

GEO 565 Project (2) Find your own data, do an analysis and create the maps using ArcGIS or other GIS Submit a proposal by Jan. 20th Detailed instructions and examples at dusk.geo.orst.edu/gis/projects.html Must STILL complete Labs pages: writeup, flow chart + maps Due 8:00 p.m., Mar. 16th - NO final exam

What is GIS? What is GIScience? Longley et al., Preface, Chapter 1

Some Basic GIS Concepts... Mapping is key but is NOT the whole story. A GIS is NOT simply for MAKING maps maps at different scales, projections, colors … not simply for STORING maps or images. In fact, it stores the DATA from which these are created.

An Analysis Tool... for every piece of data it specifies: what it is where it is how it relates to other pieces of data things in common see spatial relationships or create NEW relationships

Geographic Information System Container of data Container of maps Inventory of geographically distributed features and facilities Computerized tool to automate time-consuming tasks Analysis tools for solving geographic problems Spatial decision support system Method for revealing patterns and processes in geographic information

Geographic Information System Organized collection of Software Hardware Network Data People Procedures People Software Data Procedures Hardware Network

Major Questions for a GIS: What exists at a certain location? Where are certain conditions satisfied? What has changed in a place over time? What spatial patterns exist? What if this condition occurred at this place? (modelling, hypothesis testing)

For example... Toxic Substance Locations: District 24 District George Boulevard Proposed School Locations: 124 Elm Street 35 White Road

School Locations Toxic Substances

Information on the World How it looks – Form or Pattern How it works – Process Knowledge about process more valuable than form, because can be used to predict GIS combine General scientific knowledge in software Specific information in databases

Featured in Science, vol 323, January, 2009

Major Questions for YOU... What ARE my questions? How much data do I need and of what quality? How can I combine my data to answer my questions?

The Process of GIS (i.e., GIScience) Think about a place or a topic... Ask a question about it... Analyze data to make a map... Explore the patterns that appear... Enhance the data or modify the analysis... Ask a new question … Repeat...

Spatial and Non-Spatial Data

Defining GIS Different definitions of a GIS have evolved in different areas and disciplines. map coordinates, database, computer-based link between them. All GIS definitions recognize that spatial data are unique because they are linked to maps.

Geographically-referenced data Latitude and longitude Street address x and y coordinates Range and township Location shown on a map

The Data Model A conceptual description (mental model) of how data are organized for use by the GIS GISs have traditionally used either “field” or “object” data models

A Field Data Model Uses a Raster or Grid Data Structure.

Rasters are Faster... maps directly onto computer memory structure (array). easy to understand, read, write, draw

Rasters are Faster... natural for scanned or remotely sensed data. continuous surfaces (e.g., topography) spatial analytical operations are faster. compression is easier

Featured in Science, vol 323, January, 2009

An Object Model uses a Vector (Arc/Node) Data Structure Object data model evolved into the arc/node variation in the 1960s. Points in sequence build lines. Lines have a direction - nodes or ordering of the points. Lines in sequence build polygons.

Object Model Featuring Arcs and Nodes

Feature TypeSingle PartMulti-Part Point Line Area Annotation H I G H W A Y 10 Object/Vector Feature Types

Vectors and Topology Vectors without topology are “spaghetti” structures. Points, lines, and areas stored in their own files, with links between them. stored w/ topology (i.e. the connecting arcs and left and right polygons). Relationships are computed and stored

Topology Graphic 2, -7, 5, 6

“ Rasters are Faster, but Vectors are Correcter... ” Vectors can represent point, line, and area features very accurately. Far more efficient than grids. Work well with GPS receivers. Not as good with continuous phenomena.

Rasters and Vectors Vector-based line Flat File Raster-based line Flat File Now YOU!

Attributes and their Types Nominal, e.g., land cover class Ordinal, e.g., a ranking Interval, e.g., Celsius temperature Differences make sense Ratio, e.g., map scale Ratios make sense Cyclic, e.g., wind direction

Attributes in a Database Attribute data are stored logically in flat files. i.e., matrix of numbers and values stored in rows and columns, like a spreadsheet.

Distinguishing Characteristics of a GIS vs. Other Systems provides algorithms for ANALYSIS of spatial data “spatially intelligent” - “thinks” points, lines, areas, grids are actual spots on earth’s surface - e.g., switching projections, computing distances provides links between points, lines, areas, grids and their ATTRIBUTES in a database

GIS “Layers,”“Themes,”“Overlays”

Analysis or “Geoprocessing”

GIS is a multi-Billion dollar business. annual software revenues top $1 billion, increasing ~14% yearly ESRI and Intergraph software revenues account for 1/2 of industry total GIS industry now at $7 BILLION

Open Source GIS quantum GIS - qgis.org uDIG - uDIG.refractions.net GRASS - grass.itc.it

GIS as an approach to science Geographic Information Science is research both on and with GIS. “the generic issues that surround the use of GIS technology, impede its successful implementation, or emerge from an understanding of its potential capabilities.” (Goodchild, 1992)

“GISci” “GIScience” “GIS & T” Geographic information science U.S., geography, UCGIS to GIS as statistics is to the statistical packages The science behind the systems Fundamental issues arising from use The science that is done with the technology Systematic study of geographic information using scientific methods

A New Discipline? Symptoms of a science journals, terms, books, conferences, departments, heroes, cultural artifacts grand challenges What would we say to Albert Einstein or Stephen Hawking? “As young man, my fondest dream was to become a geographer. However, while working in the customs office I thought deeply about the matter and concluded that it was far too difficult a subject. With some reluctance, I then turned to physics as a substitute.”

GIScience - Contributing Disciplines GIS Remote Sensing Cartography Surveying (Geomatics) Geodesy (GPS) Landscape Ecology Statistics Mathematics Computer Science Information Science Operations Research Management Science Psychology, Sociology More …

GIS, GIScience, GIS & T GISystems (GIS) Emphasis on technology and tools GIScience (GISci), GIScience & Technology (GIS & T) Fundamental issues raised by the use of GIS and related technologies (e.g.) Spatial analysis Map projections Accuracy Scientific visualization

Major Journals/Mags. International Journal of Geographical Information Science Cartography and Geographic Information Science Transactions in GIS  Geospatial Solutions  GEOWorld

Specialty Journals Business Geographics GIS Law Mapping Awareness  GrassClippings  Arc User  Intergraph News  GIS Asia/Pacific  GIS World Report/CANADA  GIS Europe

Regular GISci Scholarly Papers Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing Annals of the Association of American Geographers Cartographica Computers, Environment, and Urban Systems Computers and Geosciences IEEE Transactions on Computer Graphics and Applications

Occasional GISci Scholarly Papers International Journal of Remote Sensing Landscape Ecology Cartographic Perspectives Cartographica Journal of Cartography Geocarto International IEEE Geosciences Remote Sensing Review Mapping Science and Remote Sensing Infoworld

Professional Organizations AAG: The Association of American Geographers. GITA: Geospatial Information & Technology Assoc. (formerly AM/FM) URISA: Urban and Regional Information Systems Association. ACSM: American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. ASPRS: American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. UCGIS: University Consortium for Geographic Information Science

Willamette Valley GIS User Group

ESRI Conferences ESRI Education and User Conferences. Every year in San Diego. regional meetings as well 2009 Summer Internship Program careers.esri.com Applications due March 1, 2009

Conferences ( cont. ) GIS in Action - Oregon URISA April in Vancouver, WA NE Oregon GIS Conference UCGIS Summer Meeting, Sante Fe, NM, June Theme: Complex systems science

GIS in Action 2009 Needs Student Volunteers! Work registration desk, monitor rooms Free conference registration Need to work at least half-day shift Great opportunity to network with GIS professionals Contact: Anne Hillyer,