Oceanshttp://life.uiuc.edu/animalbiology/105/ ID: eee105 Password: prAIRie

Who owns the Oceans? 3 miles off coast or 12 miles? or continental margin? or continental margin? Territorial waters Continental shelf

Who owns the Oceans? 3 miles off coast or 12 miles? or continental margin? or continental margin? Territorial waters Continental shelf 200 mile fishing control

Who owns the Oceans?

Tragedy of the Commons Garrett Hardin, Science, 162(1968):

Tragedy of the Commons Freedom in a commons brings ruin to all. Garrett Hardin, Science, 162(1968):

Fishing 13% of world’s protein from the oceans

Overfishing Atlantic cod

Overfishing Canadian Cod Catch

Overfishing 1994 U.S.Commerce Dept. closed Georges Bank to fishing. Cod are “commercially extinct”

Overfishing ‘60’s-’70’s Alaskan salmon declined‘60’s-’70’s Alaskan salmon declined ‘70’s Peruvian anchovy collapsed‘70’s Peruvian anchovy collapsed ‘90’s Newfoundland cod closed‘90’s Newfoundland cod closed ‘98 North Atlantic salmon moratorium‘98 North Atlantic salmon moratorium 80% of U.S.’s 191 commercially80% of U.S.’s 191 commercially important fish stocks are fully important fish stocks are fully exploited or overfished

Overfishing American Fisheries Society November 2000 report lists 82 marine fish species endangered lists 82 marine fish species endangered

Overfishing As coastal fisheries become barren, fishers turn to deeper waters. fishers turn to deeper waters. e.g. discovery of Orange Roughy, 1980’s e.g. discovery of Orange Roughy, 1980’s live to 150 years live to 150 years don’t breed until 30 don’t breed until 30

Overfishing As coastal fisheries become barren, fishers turn to deeper waters. fishers turn to deeper waters. e.g. discovery of Orange Roughy, 1980’s e.g. discovery of Orange Roughy, 1980’s

Overfishing

Drift Netting mile gill nets international waters in 1992 Banned by United nations from “Wall of Death”

Drift Netting

Dolphin-free Tuna In Eastern Tropical Pacific yellowfin tuna accompanied by dolphin schools

Dolphin-free Tuna Tuna were captured by encirclement Dolphins died in great numbers

Dolphin-free Tuna by encirclement U.S. Congress banned tuna caught Banned foreign-caught tuna if encircled Created Dolphin-Free Label Tuna canners & stores volunteered Dolphin mortality declined

Dolphin-free Tuna However U.S.Government now backtracking

Whaling

Minke Whales

SpermWhales

Minamata ‘50’s periodic fish kills “cat suicides” “cat dancing disease”

Minamata disease

bacteria metallic mercury metallic mercury Methyl mercury Absorbed into fats Gray mullet 10.6 ppm Hg crab crab 35.7 ppm Hg Human liver liver 70.5 ppm Hg 70.5 ppm Hg kidney kidney 144 ppm Hg 144 ppm Hg Bioaccumulation

Minamata disease Jan. 12, Pregnant women should avoid eating certain species of large ocean fish, the FDA announced today, because of a danger of contamination by methyl mercury, a substance that can harm the nervous system in a developing baby.