Presented by: Ahmad Salim

2  The acronym WiMAX stands for “Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access”. It is based on IEEE standard for Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (Wireless MAN).  It specifies the air interface for fixed, portable, and mobile broadband wireless access (BWA) systems supporting multimedia services.

3 FEC Encoding 1.Reed-Solomon 2. Convolutional 3. Optional: Turbo, LDPC,.. OFDM IFFT, + CP.. Channel + Randomization Interleaving Data Digital Modulation (Symbol Mapping) AWGN FEC Decoding 1.Reed-Solomon 2. Convolutional 3. Optional: Turbo, LDPC,.. OFDM FFT, - CP.. De-Randomization De-Interleaving Estimated Data Digital De-Modulation (Symbol De-Mapping)

 Uncorrelates long sequence of 1s or 0s by XORing with the synchronization frame data.  The purpose of randomization is to maintain better data integrity. Also the output of the randomizer has equal number of 0’s and 1’s for given binary FEC block input.  The random sequence generator is a 2 15 − 1 Pseudo-Noise (PN) sequence generator with the initial sequence set as  The initial sequence is reloaded for each FEC frame.  The random sequence generation is synchronized with the receiver which descrambles the data. From IEEE Std [1]

 The * standards propose the following can be used –  Reed Solomon concatenated Convolution Coder (Mandatory)  Convolutional Turbo Codes (mandatory for Mobile Wimax)  Block Turbo Codes (Optional)  Low Density Parity Check Codes (Optional)

 WiMAX modulation and coding schemes AMCModulation RS codeCC code rateOverall code rate 1BPSK(12,12,0)1/2 2QPSK(32,24,4)2/31/2 3QPSK(40,36,2)5/63/4 416-QAM(64,48,4)2/31/2 516-QAM(80,72,4)5/63/4 664-AQM(108,96,6)3/42/3 764-QAM(120,108,6)5/63/4

 A Reed-Solomon code is specified by RS(n, k, t).  The encoder takes k data symbols of l bits each and adds 2t parity symbols to construct an n-symbol codeword.  n: number of bytes after encoding,  k: number of data bytes before encoding,  t: number of data bytes that can be corrected.  As specified in the standard, the Reed-Solomon encoding shall be derived from a systematic RS( 255, 239, 8)

 The generator polynomials used to derive its two output code bits, denoted X and Y, are specified in the following expressions:

 Distribute the coded bits over subcarriers. A first permutation ensures that adjacent coded bits are mapped on to nonadjacent subcarriers.  The second permutation insures that adjacent coded bits are mapped alternately on to less or more significant bits of the constellation, thus avoiding long runs of bits of low reliability.

 BPSK, 4-QAM and 16-QAM constellation maps. (using Gray mapping)

 OFDM = Orthogonal FDM  Carrier centers are put on orthogonal frequencies  ORTHOGONALITY - The peak of each signal coincides with trough of other signals  Subcarriers are spaced by 1/Ts  BASIC IDEA : Channel bandwidth is divided into multiple subchannels to reduce ISI and frequency-selective fading.

 Frequency Division Multiplexing  OFDM frequency dividing Increase In spectral efficiency

 WiMAX specifications for the 256-point FFT OFDM PHY layer define three types of subcarriers; data, pilot and null.  200 of the total 256 subcarriers are used for data and pilot subcarriers, eight of which are pilots permanently spaced throughout the OFDM spectrum.  The rest of the potential carriers are nulled and set aside for guard bands. OFDM frequency description.

 The remaining 55 carriers, that are zero subcarriers appended at the end of the cited structure, act as guard bands with the purpose to enable the naturally decay of the signal.  These guard bands are used to decrease emissions in adjacent frequency channels. the structure of the subcarriers before and after appending the guard bands.

 The IFFT is used to produce a time domain signal.  each of the discrete samples before applying the IFFT algorithm corresponds to an individual subcarrier.  Besides ensuring the orthogonality of the OFDM subcarriers, the IFFT represents also a rapid way for modulating these subcarriers in parallel.

 The robustness of any OFDM transmission against multipath delay spread is achieved by having a long symbol period with the purpose of minimizing the inter-symbol interference. T sym : OFDM symbol time T b : useful symbol time T g : CP time.

 Each OFDM symbol is preceded by a periodic extension of the signal itself.  CP is a copy of the last portion of the data symbol.  When eliminating ISI, it has to be taken into account that the CP must be longer than the dispersion of the channel.

 By sample spaced channel taps, we mean that the difference in delays between different waves is either some sampling interval T s or a multiple of it.  This channel can easily be implemented using a 3-tap FIR filter as the sampling frequency is fixed.

Propagation modelTap number iTap amplitude C i Tap delay T i (ns) Clear LOS (Type 0) Multipath (Type 1) exp(-j0.75)400/R Multipath (Type 2) exp(-j0.75) /R /R R is the channel symbol rate in MBd Propagation path parameters are valid for R from 15 to 25 MBd. Propagation models for e

Multipath (Type 1) Channel Specifications  No. of Taps = 2  Ex: R= 20MBd  Tap Weights and Delays  First Tap = 0 dB with delay of 0 nanoseconds  Second Tap = -10 dB with delay of 20 nanoseconds  we will make 2 correlated Rayleigh faded channel taps, each will be fed samples taken from Jakes filter.

 OFDM: Fast Fourier Transform, CP removal  Removing the guard bands  Demapping  Deinterleaving  Decoding  Derandomization

 Simulator Description  Each block of the transmitter, receiver and channel is written in separate ’m’ file  The main procedure call each of the block in the manner a communication system works  initialization parameters: number of simulated OFDM symbols, CP length, modulation and coding rate, range of SNR for simulation.  The input data stream is randomly generated

 AWGN

 Multipath (Type 1) with QPSK, R=1/2  (Without compensation)

 Multipath (Type 1) with QPSK, R=1/2  (Without compensation)

 Basic Idea: 1. „ Measure the channel at the receiver 2. „ Feed the measurement back to the transmitter 3. „ Adapt the transmission scheme relative to the channel estimate to maximize the data rate, minimize transmit power, or minimize BER  „ What to adapt? 1. „ Constellation size/power 2. „ Symbol rate 3. „ Coding rate/scheme

 Bit rate shifting is achieved using adaptive modulation  „ When the MS is close to the BS, it is offered high bit rate (higher speed)  When the MS is far from the BS, the reliability decreases and it is offered a lower bit rate

Target BER=10 -3

 (Configuration 1, Channel 1)

 The IEEE e/ WiMax use OFDMA as Multiple access technique  Bandwidth options 1.25, 5, 10, or 20 MHz  Entire bandwidth divided into 128, 512, 1024 or 2048 sub carriers  20 MHz bandwidth with 2048 sub carriers has 9.8 KHz spacing between sub carriers

 Each terminal occupies a subset of sub-carriers  Subset is called an OFDMA traffic channel  Each traffic channel is assigned exclusively to one user at any time user1 user2 user3 user4

32  Multi-user Diversity  broadband signals experience frequency selective fading  OFDMA allows different users to transmit over different portions of the broadband spectrum (traffic channel)  Different users perceive different channel qualities, a deep faded channel for one user may still be favorable to others

 Scheduling is a method of allowing multiple users to share a common resource (such as band width) to optimize a measure of goodness like SER, delay, etc.  Common scheduling algorithms: 1. Round robin Scheduling (RR): routes the transmission of packets equally across users.(used in TDMA) 2. Greedy Scheduling: routes each transmission to the user with the best CSI. 3. Proportional Fair (PF): assigns a user for transmission when its instantaneous channel capacity is high relative to its average channel condition. 4. Opportunistic Round Robin (ORR): routes the transmission to the best user and after that he will be excluded from competition of the coming time slots of the frame. 33

 Conclusion  Lower modulation and coding scheme provides better performance at lower SNR  Results obtained from the simulation can be used to set threshold SNR to implement adaptive modulation scheme to attatin highest transmission speed with a target BER  Future Work  The IEEE standard comes with many optional PHY layer features, which can be implemented to further improve the performance. The optional Block Turbo Coding (BTC) can be implemented to enhance the performance of FEC. Also, the use of the optional LDPC codes can provide an improvement in the performance provided that the word length is long enough.

 IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks Part16: Air Interface for Broadband Wireless Access Systems (       US:official&client=firefox-a&safe=on US:official&client=firefox-a&safe=on  pic%3A61844&groupId=610217%3AGroup%3A18095&page=2#comments pic%3A61844&groupId=610217%3AGroup%3A18095&page=2#comments  