Tectonics

Describe the distribution of earthquakes, volcanoes and fold mountains in relation to plate margins. Describe the causes and effects of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions

Types of plate boundary Constructive, e.g. Mid Atlantic Ridge; Destructive, e.g. South America; Conservative e.g. San Andreas.

Types of volcano Composite cone volcano; Shield volcano

Impact of volcanoes on people Disadvantages Death!! Lava flows, pyroclastic flows, lahars, ash fall Climate change Loss of income and farm land Loss of houseing Advantages Fertile soils Geothermal power Tourism diamonds

Mount Etna

The fertile volcanic soils support extensive agriculture with vineyards and orchards spread across the lower slopes of the mountain and the broad Plain of Catania to the south. They can generate electricity from the volcano using geothermal power; The volcano attracts tourists and residents of nearby Messina and Catania earn money from renting accommodation to tourists; The Italian government have invested money in prediction and they are willing to take the risk The height of the volcano gives snow, - skiing

Earthquakes Measured on the Richter scale; Primary effects include collapsed buildings; Secondary effects include gas fires, disease and tsunamis

Effects of tectonic activity More deaths occur in LEDCs; Greatest financial loss occurs in MEDCs; More deaths occur in urban areas; The time of day is important.

Why difference in countries? Poor quality buildings/infrastructure/roads/bridges; which easily collapse; As building regulations are not enforced; High population densities; Poor medical services/hospitals/get destroyed; Therefore people cannot be properly treated for their injuries; Lack of planning/emergency procedures/emergency shelters/level of preparation; Poor education eg earthquake precautions; Lack of money for re-building/assistance/rescue; etc.

Case study: Earthquakes Maharashtra, India, intraplate 30 Sept, 1993 4.00 am 6.4 22,000 dead 10,000+, in anything 4,800 Points to note Housing, disease , water, rescue 36 hours after by scouts, by hand Los Angeles, USA, interplate 17 Jan 1994 4.31 am 6.6 47 dead 20,000+, in tents 2,300 Injured Points to note Fires, water, housing Infrastructure , FEMA, economy

Fold mountains

Living in the fold mountains The main activities in the Alps are connected with: Tourism; dairy farming; Forestry; HEP; and industry.

Problems of fold mountain areas These include Climate; Transport; Farming; Industry; and low population density