Cells Structure and Function

Cell Structure & Function Cell PartFunctionPlant/Animal/ Both? Cell Wall Provides cell with structure & holds it upright Plant Cell Membrane Separates the cell from the outside environment Both Mitochondria Breaks down food molecules for energy to sustain the cell Both Chloroplast Uses energy from the sun to make food; makes plants appear green Plant Vacuole Stores water and other materialsBoth (smaller in animal) Ribosome Where proteins are made in the cellBoth Lysosome Digests food particles, wastes and foreign particlesBoth Cytoplasm Jelly-like fluid which holds the organelles in the cell Both Nucleus Contains DNA and is the control center for the cellBoth

EuglenaParameciumAmoebaVolvox How do they eat? Autotroph Photosynthesis through eye- spot Heterotrophic Using oral groove to pass food through contractile vacuole Heterotrophic Engulfs food by oozing Autotrophic Photosynthesis How do they move? Flagellum Cilia Oozing- cytoplasmic streaming with pseudopods Flagellum How do they reproduce? asexually asexually and sexually Do they live alone or in colonies? alone colonies Illustration

AsexualSexual Number of parents 1 2 Are offspring genetically identical or varied? identicalVaried Rate of reproduction (fast or slow) RapidSlow Types of each Budding, Regeneration, Binary Fission Animals Examples of organisms Starfish, Bacteria, Hydra Humans and animals

MitosisMeiosis Type of cell (haploid or diploid) Diploid (2n)Haploid (1n) What type of cell(s) does it produce? 2 identical daughter cells 4 sperm Or 1 egg and 3 polar bodies Number of parent cell(s) OneTwo Number of cell divisions One Two

The Cell Cycle I. Interphase- Most of the life of the cell. The cell grows, makes a copy of his DNA, and prepares to divide into 2 daughter cells. II. Cell Division- division of the cell A. Mitosis- division of the nucleus 1. Prophase-DNA in the nucleus condenses & becomes visible. The membrane around the nucleus disappears 2. Metaphase- Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell 3. Anaphase-Chromosomes split and are pulled onto separate sides of the cell 4. Telophase- New nuclear membrane forms around each group of chromosomes. Chromosomes return to their threadlike form B. Cytokinesis- Division of the cytoplasm. Two new daughter cell form. Each are genetically identical to their parent cell, but smaller

Genetics and Punnett Squares Dominant- describes an allele that determines the phenotype of an individual organism when two different copies are present in the genotype Recessive- describes an allele that is not expressed when combined with a dominant form of the gene Heterozygous- having different pairs of alleles for the same characteristic Homozygous- having identical pairs of alleles for the same characteristic Genotype- the name for the genes an organism has Phenotype- the physical features of an organism

Example: In rabbits, black fur (B) is dominant to brown fur (b). Give the genotype of a heterozygous black rabbit: _____________ Give the phenotype of a homozygous brown rabbit: ____________ If a heterozygous black rabbit and a brown rabbit were crossed, what is the probability that their offspring will be brown? Show your work.