Figure 31.0x Decomposers

Figure 31.1 Fungal mycelia

Figure 31.2 Examples of fungal hyphae

Figure 31.2x Septate hyphae (left) and nonseptate hyphae (right)

Figure 31.3 Generalized life cycle of fungi (Layer 3)

Diplomonads Parabasalids Kinetoplastids Euglenids Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Ciliates Oomycetes Diatoms Golden algae Brown algae Chlorarachniophytes Foraminiferans Radiolarians Gymnamoebas Entamoebas Plasmodial slime molds Cellular slime molds Fungi Choanoflagellates Metazoans Red algae Chlorophytes Charophyceans Plants Ancestral eukaryote Chlorophyta Plantae Rhodophyta Animalia Fungi (Opisthokonta) (Archaeplastida) Diplomonadida Parabasala Euglenozoa Alveolata Stramenopila Cercozoa Radiolaria Amoebozoa

Chytrids Zygote fungi Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Sac fungi Club fungi Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Glomeromycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota

Figure 31.5 Chytridiomycota (chytrids)

0.5 mm

Figure 31.7 The life cycle of the zygomycete Rhizopus (black bread mold)

2.5  m

Figure 31.9 Ascomycetes (sac fungi): Scarlet cup (top left), truffles (bottom left), morel (right)

Figure The life cycle of an ascomycete

Figure Basidiomycetes (club fungi): Greville's bolete (top left), turkey tail (bottom left), stinkhorn (right)

Figure The life cycle of a mushroom-forming basidiomycete

Figure 31.12x Gills

Figure Lichens

Figure Anatomy of a lichen

Figure Mycorrhizae

(a) Corn smut on corn (b) Tar spot fungus on maple leaves (c) Ergots on rye