THE COLD WAR BEGINS

●World War II veterans (GI’s) get to attend college for free THE G.I. BILL ● Millions of GIs bought homes, attended college, started businesses, or found jobs

THE G.I. BILL ● The GI Bill made new homes very affordable to returning soldiers ● Between 1945 and 1954, the U.S. added 13 million new homes President Franklin Roosevelt signs the GI Bill in 1944

Truman and civil rights ● One of the major acts made by Truman was when he made an executive order by Truman was when he made an executive order to end segregation in the armed forces the armed forces ● Truman also asked Congress to pass a civil rights bill that would make lynching a federal crime

ELECTION of 1948 Thomas DeweyHarry S TrumanStrom Thurmond ● Many people didn’t think he would be re-elected ● Truman angered many Southern Democrats by supporting integration

Integration – mixing of groups previously separated: equal treatment for all ethnic groups

United States Democracy ● ● The era of confrontation and competition between the U.S. and the Soviet Union when the threat of nuclear war created constant world tension vs. Soviet Union Communism

The Cold War Believed in democratic forms of government Believed the free enterprise system was necessary for economic growth Believed the free enterprise system was necessary for economic growth Believed in a communistic forms of government Believed in workers revolting (striking) against business owners and taking control of government Believed in workers revolting (striking) against business owners and taking control of government United StatesRussia

Soviets take over Eastern Europe Soviet troops move into Germany near the end of World War II ● As World War II ended, the Soviet army occupied the countries of Eastern Europe that Germany had conquered during the war

The Iron Curtain “An iron curtain has descended across the Continent” – Prime Minister Winston Churchill Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Hungary Bulgaria and East Germany became satellite nations of Soviet Union

Peep under the Iron curtain March 6, 1946 Who is “Joe”? What part of Europe is sealed off? What does the wall symbolize?

Letter from U.S. diplomat George Kennan that led to the U.S. policy of containment of communism. Kennan said the Russians were concerned about invasions from the west and wanted a buffer zone Russians wanted to spread communism world-wide U.S. should use diplomatic, economic and military actions to keep communism contained

Truman Doctrine ● ● U.S. foreign policy established by President Truman saying the U.S. would protect democracies throughout the world “It must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures” -- Harry Truman -- Harry Truman

● ● It pledged that the United States would fight Communism worldwide Truman Doctrine American tanks provided by the Truman Doctrine roll through Turkey American tanks provided by the Truman Doctrine roll through Turkey

● Secretary of State George Marshall toured Western Europe. Aid for Europe Children in a London suburb, waiting outside the wreckage of what was their home ●Marshall feared that poor Europeans would turn to Communism

Marshall Plan ● ● U.S. plan for rebuilding Western Europe, and stopping communism after World War II ● ● Plan pumped billions of dollars into Western Europe for food and supplies George C. Marshall

Marshall Plan aids Western Europe The Marshall Plan proved to be a great success

The Potsdam Conference The Potsdam Conference was a meeting of the Allied leaders during World War II to decide what to do with Germany

Germany Divided ● ● Berlin, the capital city, was divided ● ● After World War II, Germany was divided into four zones, occupied by French, British, American, and Soviet troops British French American Soviet

● In June of 1948, the French, British and American zones were joined into the nation of West Germany after the Soviets refused to end their occupation of Germany. East and West Germany formed West Germany East Germany West Berlin East Berlin

● ● In response, the Soviets cut off West Berlin from the rest of the world with a blockade. Eventual site of the Berlin Wall

Berlin Airlift ● President Truman decided to avoid the blockade by flying in food and other supplies to the needy people of West Berlin

Berlin Airlift ● The Berlin Airlift saved the people of West Berlin from falling under Soviet Union control

Birth of NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization ● Formed in 1949 to protect Western Europe from Soviet aggression

The Warsaw Pact ● The Warsaw Pact was the Soviet Union’s response to the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Cold War spreads to Asia ● Communists take over in China ● The country of Korea became the next battleground in the Cold War ChinaKorea

The Korean War ● ● Following World War II, the Allies divided Korea at the 38 th parallel ● ● Soviets controlled North Korea; U.S. sets up a democracy in South Korea The Cold War gets HOT

The Korean War ●“Domino Theory” A “Police Action” ( ) If one country falls to communism, others around it will fall as well

The Korean War ● ● On June 25, 1950, North Korea invades South Korea ● ● Communist forces push UN forces to brink of defeat, but UN forces push back ● ● UN forces under Macarthur come to the aid of South Korea The Cold War gets HOT

The Korean War ● North Koreans pushed back to border with China ● ● Chinese enter war on the side of North Koreans ● ● Macarthur calls for an invasion of China, wants to use the atomic bomb An artillery officer directs UN troops as they drop white phosphorous on a Communist-held post in February 1951.

The Korean War ● ● War ends in a stalemate ● Korean War ended July 1953 ● U.S. began a major military build-up; began using military force to prevent spread of communism ● Korea was divided at the 38 th parallel

Red Scare ● ● U.S. citizens in 1950s feared Communists wanted to take over the world. This fear was known as the Red Scare.

Red Scare Movie stars Lauren Bacall and Humphrey Bogart lead a protest during height of Hollywood Blacklist controversy ● People who were accused of being Communists were often “blacklisted” ● If someone was blacklisted, it meant they were denied work or ostracized from society

McCarthyism ● ● In 1952, U.S. Senator Joe McCarthy began holding Senate hearings ● ● McCarthy turned the hearings into witch-hunts, destroying people’s reputations

Russians launch Sputnik The Russians have beaten America into space—they have the technological edge!

The Space Race Begins ● In 1961, Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin blasted off into space, making the Soviet Union the first nation to launch a human into space ● Kennedy said he wanted U.S. to land a man on the moon by the end of the 1960s

● on July 20, 1969, when Neil Armstrong became the first human to step foot on the moon “That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.” – Neil Armstrong The Space Race Begins

Berlin Wall Built ● Soviets wanted to keep Germans from moving out of East Germany into West Berlin

Castro embraces Communism (1959) Cuban dictator Fidel Castro embraces Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev

Bay of Pigs Debacle ● ● CIA-trained Cuban exiles led an attack at the Bay of Pigs in Cuba in an attempt to overthrow Castro ● ● Invasion was a disaster and failed; (1961)

Cuban Missile Crisis ● U.S. and Russia came extremely close to nuclear war when Russians place nuclear missiles in Cuba in November of 1962

Cuban Missile Crisis ● ● United States places an embargo on incoming shipments to Cuba from the Soviet Union

Cuban Missile Crisis ● The Russians agreed to take their missiles out of Cuba if the U.S. removed theirs from Turkey ● Kennedy threatens a U.S. invasion of Cuba unless Soviet missiles are removed President John F. Kennedy thinking in the Oval Office during the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962