Africa

Geographic Regions North Africa Along the coast  Mild and rainy South  Desert (Sahara) Sub-Saharan Africa (South of Sahara) Sahel = central plateau covered by savannas Rift Valley

CHAPTER 4 Nubia & Kush

Nubia3000B.C. Located Upper Nile River (Sudan) First kingdom in Sub-Saharan Africa Close ties w/ Egypt

Kush2000B.C. Nubian Kingdom Controlled Egypt but pushed out by Assyrians Established new Kingdom at Meroe Developed profitable iron trade  Weapons  tools

Axum or Aksum Located on the Red Sea, Ethiopian Highlands, & Nile Rivers Trading power because of its location on the Red Sea 330 AD Became Christian – remain Christian (Still are in Ethiopia) 350AD conquered Kush 600s AD lose control of trade to Muslims from Arabia

CHAPTER 8 West Africa

Bantu (language group) Migration People called the Nok lived in Niger and Benue River Valleys Skilled farmers = population growth Eventually not enough arable land  What does arable mean?  Farmable land People moved in search of more land  migrate central, E, & S. Africa

Religion and Oral Traditions Kinship & clan was important  Matrilineal (mother)  Patrilineal (father) Religion  One Supreme creator god (sky or heaven)  Nature spirits, Ancestor worship & Magic Oral traditions  how knowledge, history, morals, and values were passed on.)  Use of songs, proverbs, fables

Ghana AD Ghana (means king) Location: W Africa, Upper Niger River Controlled trade trans-Saharan trade  salt (N) & gold (S)  Salt needed in South for food (preservation & flavor) Islam introduced through trade AD 1000 attacked by Almoravids – parts of kingdom began breaking away

Mali AD Location: West Africa, Atlantic Coast along Niger River Restored trans-Saharan trade routes  protected them w/ a standing army Capital Timbuktu -- Mansa Musa  Took a pilgrimage to Makkah  Returned w/ scholars, architects, and legal experts  built mosques in major cities  Built a university at Timbuktu, became a center of learning Islamic government (many people were not)

Songhai1400s-1590 AD Location: West Africa, along most of Niger River Ruler: Askia Muhammad  Ruled at height AD  Instituted Islamic Law  Divided land into 5 with a governor, tax collector, court, & trade inspector Timbuktu became a trade center (again) (Europe & Asia, gold, salt, slaves)

CHAPTER 15 East And Southern Africa

East African Trading Centers By AD 1300 trading centers in East Africa were multicultural (Muslim, Persian, African, & Indian) Controlled by Arab and Persian Merchants Swahili – blending of Arabic and Bantu languages

Southern Africa= Great Zimbabwe AD Location: Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers & Indian Ocean City of “Great Zimbabwe” as capital of prosperous empire Architecture: huge oval enclosures w/ 30 foot walls, using no mortar Built on trade between gold in the interior and the sea. Decline b/c of civil war and European intrusion

Summary Axum  Location relative to the Ethiopian Highlands and the Nile River  Christian kingdom Zimbabwe  Location relative to the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers and the Indian Ocean coast  City of “Great Zimbabwe” as capital of a prosperous empire  Swahili – blending of Arabic and Bantu languages West African kingdoms  Location of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai empires relative to Niger River and the Sahara  Importance of gold and salt to trans-Saharan trade  City of Timbuktu as center of trade and learning  Roles of animism and Islam