ENGLISH HISTORY THE STUARTS Gioia Girardi Cl. 4^ALS School year

WHO ARE “THE STUARTS”? The Stuarts  first kings of the United Kingdom from 1603 to 1714 The Stuarts’s dinasty : – James I ( ) – Charles I ( ) – Interregnum ( ) – Charles II ( ) – James II ( ) – Mary II and William III ( ) – Anne ( ) flourishing Court culture but also much upheaval and instability

JAMES I ( ) son of Mary Queen of Scots James I of England and James VI of Scotland: – united the countries under one monarch for the first time – new translation of the Bible  Authorised King James's Version of the Bible – James believed in the Divine Right of Kings but his actions were subject to the law – James was often in dispute with his Parliaments: not able to solve financial and political problems

CHARLES I ( ) son of James I and Anne of Denmark Charles I  second Stuart King of England – embarked on war with Spain and then with France led by Buckingham – need for money was now so urgent: he accepted the Petition of Right – to rule without a Parliament and did so for 11 years  raised money by using questionable means – he had no choice but to recall a Parliament whose would lead the country to Civil War and Charles I to his execution.

PETITION OF RIGHTS (1628) A major English constitutional document: – declares that Englishmen have various "rights and liberties" – contains restrictions on non-Parliamentary taxation, forced billeting of soldiers, imprisonment without cause, and restricts the use of martial law – new stage in the constitutional crisis that would lead to the English Civil War

INTRREGNUM ( ) Interregnum  the country's rulers tried to redefine and establish a workable constitution without a monarchy – Oliver Cromwell took the title Lord Protector and formed republic, aka Commonwealth – Parliament  supporters not popular – opposition from those who supported Charles II – Cromwell's opponents were easily able to overthrow him  anarchy – monarchy was restored with the accession of Charles II

CHARLES II ( ) son of Charles I Charles II of England recognised as King of Scotland and Ireland: – 1651 he led an invasion into England from Scotland to defeat Cromwell – restore the monarchy – 1660 he was invited to return to England as King Charles II.  Restoration – He continued to have money problems

JAMES II ( ) grandson of James I James II succeeded his brother Charles – Lord High Admiral until he announced his conversion to Roman Catholicism – He succeeded despite the passing of the Test Acts in 1673  barred all Roman Catholics from holding official positions – replaced by his son-in-law William of Orange  accession to the throne is known as The Glorious Revolution

WILLIAM III AND MARY II ( ) Sovereigns of England in 1688 following the Glorious Revolution: – accepted by Scotland the following year, but Ireland (Catholic) remained loyal to James II – The Act of Settlement of 1701 was designed to secure the Protestant succession to the throne, and to strengthen the guarantees for ensuring parliamentary system of government – not only addressed the dynastic and religious aspects of succession, it also restricted the powers and prerogatives of the Crown

ANNE ( ) sister-in-law of William Queen Anne was the sister of Mary II and was married to Prince George of Denmark – She was a committed Protestant and supported the Glorious Revolution – In 1707 the Act of Union formally united the Kingdoms of England and Scotland – the last Stuart monarch as none of her eighteen children survived beyond infancy