Nutrition and Metabolism Metabolism combines: Anabolism – Biosynthesis with Catabolism – Energy Generation Linked by Coupled Reactions

Metabolic Types Energy Generation: Trapping Light Energy Phototrophs Chemical Reactions Chemotrophs Carbon Source: CO 2 –Lithotrophs Organic Carbon – Organotroph Chemoorganotrophs are also called Heterotrophs Chemolithotrophs

Bacterial Nutrition Macronutrients: Carbon source Nitrogen source Phosphate Sulfur Potassium Magnesium Calcium Sodium Iron Some bacteria use Siderophores to procure iron Micronutrients: Trace elements Growth Factors?

Culture Media Defined media – known Composition Complex Media – Organic mixture Agar to Solidify

Enzymes Organic Catalysts Reduced Activation Energy

How Enzymes Act Form an Enzyme- Substrate Complex Active site of the Enzyme holds Substrate

Enzyme Structure Enzymes are Proteins with Active Sites Additional Non protein Groups: Cofactors Loosely Bound Cofactors - Coenzymes Tightly Attached Cofactors- Prosthetic Groups

Oxidation – Reduction Redox Reactions Oxidation – Lose of Electrons Reduction – Gaining Electrons Electron Donors Electron Acceptors Reduction Potential

Electron Transfer Electron Tower Based on Reduction Potential Electron Carrier Primary Electron Donor (Food??) Final Electron Acceptor (Waste??)

Energy Conservation “High” Energy Compounds (Energy Carriers??) ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate Coenzyme A Phosphoenolpyruvate - PEP

Energy Generation Substrate-level Phosphorylation Fermentation Respiration Oxidative Phosphorylation –Electron Transport (Cascade) Lactic Acid Fermentation

Catabolic Pathways Glycolysis Embden-Meyerhof Pathway 3 Stages 1. Rearrangement 2. Oxidation 3. Reduction

PEP

Fermentation Occurs in the absence of O 2 Less ATP produced Many fermentation products Substrate acts as electron donor and acceptor

Electron Cascade Coenzyme NADH NADH Dehydrogenase Flavoproteins Quinones Cytochromes Catalase, Oxidase

Oxidative Phosphorylation Proton Motive Force Metabolic Poisons Uncouplers Dinitrophenol Inhibitors Carbon monoxide Cyanide

Carbon Flow Citric Acid Cycle Krebs Cycle TCA Cycle Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Carbon Oxidation CO 2 Production Reduced Coenzymes

Anaerobic Respiration Nitrate Sulfate Carbonate Iron Final Electron Acceptor other than Oxygen

Chemolithotrophy Hydrogen Sulfide Hydrogen Gas Iron Ammonia Phototrophy Catabolism

Metabolism Word List Metabolism Catabolism Anabolism Coupled Reactions Nutrition Phototroph Chemotroph Organotroph Lithotroph Chemolithotroph Macronutrients Carbon Nitrogen P, S, K, Mg, Ca, Na, & Fe( siderophores) Micronutrients Trace Elements Growth Factors? Culture Media Defined vs. Complex Media

Metabolism Word List 2 Enzymes Organic Catalysts Activation Energy Enzyme- substrate Complex Active Site Prosthetic groups Coenzymes Oxidation-Reduction Redox Reactions Electron Donors Electron Acceptors Reduction Potential Electron Tower Electron Carriers Primary Electron Donor Final Electron Acceptor

Metabolism Word List 3 High” Energy Compounds Adenosine Triphosphate - ATP Coenzyme A Fermentation Substrate-level Phosphorylation Respiration Oxidative Phosphorylation Electron Transport Glycolysis Embden-Meyerhof Pathway Stage I, II, III Rearrangement Oxidation Reduction

Metabolism Word List 4 Aerobic Respiration Electron Cascade NADH dehydrogenase Flavoproteins Quinones Cytochromes Catalase Oxidase Proton Motive Force Oxidative Phosphorylation Inhibitors Uncouplers Carbon Flow - Citric Acid Cycle aka TCA, Tricarboxylic, Krebs Carbon Oxidation CO 2 Production

Metabolism Word List 5 Reduced Coenzymes Biosynthesis ? Anaerobic Respiration nitrate, sulfate, carbonate ferric iron Chemolithotrophy hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen gas, ferrous iron, ammonia Phototrophy Catabolism