The Second World War: Total War Returns Total War Returns War in the Atlantic War in the Pacific Diversity in the Armed Forces Changes in Canada During WWII Controversies: Conscription Controversies: War Measures Act

Total War Returns WWII lasted from 1939 –1945 Adolph Hitler, fascist dictator of Germany, wanted to “right the wrongs” against Germany from WWI He was also seeking “Lebensraum” or “living space” for Germany He worked with Benito Mussolini of Italy towards his goal

Total War Returns They went against the values of the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations Hitler, during 1938 and 1939, annexed Austria and Czechoslovakia Appeasement was adopted by the League of Nations, in return Hitler was not to annex any more territory

Total War Returns On Sept. 1, 1939 Hitler broke his promise and launched a blitzkrieg (Lightning Strike) on Poland Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later, Canada declared war against Germany on Sept. 10, 1939 Using blitzkriegs Germany spread it forces across Europe By 1940 France fell under German control and Italy allied with Germany

War in the Atlantic Canada’s navy was used primarily for coastal defence of our own waters German U-Boat attacks made it necessary for the Royal Canadian Navy to defend the merchant ships supplying the war effort in Europe Britain supplied the RCN with destroyers to aid in protecting the convoys By the end of WWII Canada had the fourth largest navy in the world

War in the Atlantic Merchant Marines Thousands of Canadian soldiers served as Merchant Marines shipping supplies across the Atlantic to Europe 10% lost their lives Without Merchant Marines the Allies could not have lasted the war After the war they were not given the same benefits as war veterans, even though they directly entered combat zones

War in the Atlantic War in the Air At the beginning of the war the RCAF had 40 combat aircraft and 5000 personnel The British Commonwealth Air Training Plan trained more than RCAF personnel By the Ed of WWII the RCAF was the fourth largest in the world Canadians played a crucial role in the victory of the Battle of Britain (blitzkrieg of British cities) against the German Luftwaffe

War in the Atlantic The U.S. Enters the War. Dec. 7, 1941 Japan attack Pearl Harbour killing 2400 and destroying four ships.Pearl Harbour The U.S. was neutral until this day. They declared war on Japan. Hitler supported Japan and therefore declared war on the U.S. Germany also went against it’s non- aggression treaty with the USSR and invaded. Two new, and very powerful players were on the stage as British Allies.

War in the Atlantic Dieppe 1942 the Allied forces launched a limited invasion of France led by Canadians It failed horribly – 900 died, 1900 were taken prisoner

War in the Atlantic D-Day June 6, 1944 the Allies launched Operation Overlord – largest full scale invasion in history 5000 ships carrying Allied soldiers Canadians landed at Juno Beach and took more ground than any other Allied division D-Day marked the beginning to the liberation of Europe from Germany

War in the Atlantic In the spring of 1945 Canadian forces moved east and liberated the Netherlands The Allied forces eventually encircled Berlin in April of 1945 The Soviets were the first to enter Berlin – Hitler committed suicide May 7, 1945 (VE Day) Germany surrendered and the war in Europe was over

War in the Pacific Canadian soldiers fought in the Battle of Hong Kong Hong Kong was under British rule 1900 Canadian soldiers were sent Experts considered Hong Kong impossible to defend Japan eventually took Hong Kong on Christmas Day 1941

War in the Pacific After Germany surrendered Japan continued their fight The U.S. put a swift end to this conflict by dropping the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima Aug. 6, 1945 A second was dropped on Nagasaki three days later

War in the Pacific people perished, a further died for reasons relating to radiation exposure Japan surrendered on August 14, 1945 WWII was finally over

Diversity in the Armed Forces During the war some of the gender and ethnicity barriers to enlistment were removed women had enlisted in several capacities, but were never involved in combat Several thousand African Americans were enlisted, and, unlike WWI, saw combat Aboriginals had to sacrifice their Indian status under the Indian Act, 1876 to enlist. Over 3000 served in Europe

Changes in Canada During WWII After the Great Depression the war brought prosperity to Canada. The GDP doubled. Women took over many occupations in Canada since men left to fight breaking several social barriers for women. The Baby Boomers – when the soldiers came home there were unprecedented numbers of marriages. Combined with economic prosperity came the highest birth rates n Canadian history.

Controversies: Conscription Prime Minister King promised no conscription Serious fear of Britain falling to the Nazis required reinforcements from Canada King implemented the NRMA requiring single men no younger than 18 to serve – there were a lot of marriages during this time These drafted men were to stay and guard Canada – were referred to as Zombies

Controversies: Conscription Pressure increased for soldiers so King held a referendum on conscription 80% English were for it, 73 of French were against it The split led to appeals from King for voluntary enlistment In the end the Zombies were sent overseas in late 1944, but few saw battle

Controversies: War Measures Act The government invoked the War Measures Act People with roots to enemy nations were required to register with the RCMP The Canadian citizenship of Italian and German immigrants was revoked

Controversies: War Measures Act Many were sent to internment camps Japanese Canadians were displaced from their homes to internment camps, all property was sold to pay for the camps In 1988 the Canadian Government officially apologized to the Japanese Canadians that were displaced and gave reparations of $ to each evacuee

Case Study 6 1. Read chapter 5 and record vocabulary. 2. Answer question 2 on page Create an organizational chart showing the changes in the Canadian Navy and Air Force between the beginning and end of WWII. 4. Outline the significant events of WWII in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

Case Study 6 5. What happened to Japanese, German, and Italian Canadians under the War Measures Act during WWII? Did you agree with the actions of the Canadian government? What alternative might there be that would respect human rights? 6. Given the recent Terrorist attacks and the War on Terrorism would you agree with holding Islamic-Canadians in internment camps? Why or why not?

Case Study 6 7. Who were the Zombies? How were they created? 8. Why were French Canadians in opposition to conscription?