Energy: Movement In Ecosystems. Yellowstone Wolves Case Study.

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Presentation transcript:

Energy: Movement In Ecosystems

Yellowstone Wolves Case Study

Reintroduced into the park in 1995…stolen from Canada! He’s Tagged!

They eat deer…

And elk…

And horse…

And lamb… And cow…

So…

“I went fishing and all I caught was this stupid wolf”

Why is it environmentally harmful to remove top predators like the wolf? Discuss with your partner and make a list.

Elimination of Top Predators… No more leftover carrion to feed scavengers (vultures, bears, ravens)

Elimination of Top Predators… No more controlling populations of lower organisms on food chain

Elimination of Top Predators… Loss of stability in food web

Elimination of Top Predators… Grass/vegetation habitat decreases

Elimination of Top Predators… Increase in soil erosion/compaction

Energy Flow in Ecosystems Producers Consumers Decomposers

Producers: Phototrophs Use sun to produce sugar(photosynthesis) Plants, Algae (Phytoplankton), Bacteria PS is 1 % efficient!

Use H 2 S to produce sugars (chemosynthesis) Bacteria Producers: Chemotrophs

Consumers: Heterotrophs Break down stored sugars (aerobic respiration) C 6 H H 2 O + 6O > 6CO 2 +12H 2 O+ Energy

Consumers: Heterotrophs Primary Consumers: Herbivores, eat producers DEER!

Consumers: Heterotrophs Secondary Consumers: Carnivores, eat primary consumers

Consumers: Heterotrophs Tertiary Consumers: Eat secondary consumers, top, apex predators Great White

Decomposers: Saprotrophs Feed off dead organic © matter in soil, release nutrients. Fungi and Bacteria

Importance of Decomposers 1.Make vital elements available to primary producers.  Convert organic material into inorganic materials that producers can use in soil or water.

Chains vs Webs Simple vs Complex Trophic Levels: Energy flows from one trophic level to another

Simpson’s FOOD WEB

FOOD WEBS Show multiple ways energy can move through an ecosystem More connections, more stable in a changed environment

Bu-Bye Energy! Orgs are not 100% efficient Only 10% of energy at 1 level makes it to the next level (90% lost as heat)

Heat Energy Loss Less energy as you go up = no more than 3-4 levels in a food chain

Pyramid of Numbers Shows # of indiv. at each trophic level

Biomass: Mass of organic material Not a typical pyramid shape Consumers may eat most of producers as they are made Pyramid of Biomass

Always a pyramid shape Energy lost as you go  10% rule Pyramid of Energy

So, Why Should We All Be Vegetarians? Go Blank!

Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) Rate at which energy is captured during PS HIGH LOW

Net Primary Productivity (NPP) Energy that remains in plants after respiration; available to consumers NPP= GPP -- Resp.

What Ecosystems Have High NPP? Per unit area: