Chapter 2 Theories of Development

Theories  Help to organize a huge body of info  Help to focus our search for new understandings  Help us to explain how findings might be interpreted  Help to identify major disagreements among scholars

The Psychoanalytic Approach Sigmund Freud 1

Structures of the Mind

The Developing Personality

Psychosocial Crises and Development Erik Erikson 2

Stage One: Infancy Age: 0 to 1 years old Crisis: Trust vs. Mistrust Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages

Stage Two: Early Childhood Age: 2 to 3 years old Crisis: Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages

Stage Three: Preschool Children Age: 3 to 5 years old Crisis: Initiative vs. Guilt Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages

Stage Four: Middle Childhood Age: 6 to 12 years old Crisis: Industry vs. Inferiority Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages

Stage Five: Adolescence Age: 12 to 18 years old Crisis: Identity vs. Role Confusion Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages

Stage Six: Young Adulthood Age: years Crisis: Intimacy vs. Isolation Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages

Stage Seven: Middle Adulthood Age: years Crisis: Generativity vs. Stagnation Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages

Stage Eight: Maturity Age: 65 years until death Crisis: Integrity vs. Despair Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial Stages

The Cognitive Development Approach Jean Piaget 3

Stages

Functional Invariants Assimilation Accommodation

Three fundamental themes: 1)Concept of development 2)Social & cultural development 3)Speech The Cultural Framework Approach 4

The Behavioral Approach B.F. Skinner 5

Operant Conditioning

Reinforcement

Reinforcer

Punishment

Bandura & Social Cognitive Learning Observational Learning Social Cognitive Learning 6

A Bioecological Model Development depends on context Our response causes a change in others Their responses to us then change This produces new changes in us Reciprocal Interactions 7

Developmental Systems Theory 8 Awareness Test