Research Activities in Japan and other Asian Countries 1. Ground-based observation - AGAGE monitoring stations: China, Korea, and Japan - NDACC stations: Japan an example: Ozone profiles over Japan have been observed with millimeter-wave radiometers since September 1995 at Tsukuba and March 1999 at Rikubetsu 2. Observation plans from the space - Space measurements of ozone by China - JEM/SMILES Takashi Imamura (NIES)

Semiannual variation were clearly observed at 60 and 76 km. The phase at 60 km seems to be the inverse of that at 76 km. The amplitude at 60 km is smaller than that at 76 km. The variation at 50 km is clearly annual with the peak near winter solstices. Annual Variation of O 3 in the middle atmosphere (Nagahama et al 2003)

JEM/SMILES To be launched in 2009 by HTV/H-IIB A Superconductive Submillimeter-Wave Limb- Emission Sounder (SMILES) is being designed for installation in the Japanese Experiment Module (JEM) on the International Space Station (ISS).

Mission Objectives of JEM/SMILES: i)Space demonstration of superconductive mixer and 4-K mechanical cooler for the submillimeter limb-emission sounding, ii)Global observations of atmospheric minor constituents in the stratosphere, contributing to the atmospheric sciences. JEM/SMILES will make measurements on ozone and other minor species relevant to ozone loss (normal O3, HCl, HOCl, HNO3, H2O2, and CH3CN). SMILES will also measure a few radical species crucial to the ozone chemistry (ClO, BrO, and HO2). The SMILES will also try to observe isotopic composition of ozone.

(courtesy of SMILES team)

3. Japanese Research Project on Stratospheric Ozone supported by MOE (i)detection of the variation of water vapor in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in the tropics (ii)determination of the mean age of stratospheric air (iii) evaluation on reproducibility of chemical and meteorological fields in the stratosphere calculated by CCSR/NIES CCM (iv) understanding of the impact of solar activity change on ozone distribution using CCSR/NIES CCM and climate models Studies on the Variability of Stratospheric Processes and Uncertainties in the Future Projection of Stratospheric Ozone (FY: 2007 – 2009) Investigations conducted in this project are:

already dehydrated air Water vapor is controlled at the cold point Temp OzoneWater vapor Ice Saturation Water vapor Ice saturation Water vapor measurements in TTL Tropopause Variation of water vapor in LS (courtesy of M. Fujiwara)

Mean age = 5.1 ± 0.4 years mean age = 5.4 ± 0.6 years. Determination of the mean age of stratospheric air CO2 SF6 Whole air is sampled in the stratosphere using a cryogenic sampler on board scientific balloon over Japan.

Stratosphere (20-30km) over Japan Tropical upper troposphere Time variation of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere (Sugawara et al. unpublished data)

Projection of Ozone hole area ○ ： fixed GHGs and SST ● ： future scenario for ODSs, GHG, and SST Effects of increase of GHGs on ozone recovery EESC CCly Expected recovery of EESC and Cly (as an example of numerical experiments with CCSR/NIES CCM) (courtesy of H. Akiyoshi)

Thank you

Normal run ODSs: future scenario GHGs and SST: fixed Ozone above 20hPa Ozone below 20hPa Total column ozone Future change of ozone in the low latitude region

Time variation of water vapor at km in the tropics

Gravitational separation of O 2 and N 2 isotopes in the stratosphere