States of Matter

States of Matter Temperature At the atomic level all matter is in motion – even solids What is the difference between the molecules of ice, water, steam/water vapor? Temperature And what exactly is Temperature? a measurement of the average kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance

States of Matter

Solids Every solid has a definite shape and definite volume The particles in a solid move very slowly. In fact, they essentially are just vibrating in place Solids

Liquids Add energy (heat) to a solid, and you will get a liquid Particles of liquids slide past each other Liquid flows and takes the shape of its container Indefinite shape Definite volume

Gases Add energy (heat) to liquid and you get gas Gases expand or contract to fill the space available to them. Indefinite shape Indefinite volume

Plasma Examples: Fluorescent lights Neon signs Northern Lights Lightening Add energy (heat) to gas and you get plasma 99.8% of our solar system’s mass is in the sun. The most common form of mass on the sun is plasma

States of Matter Vocabulary: Evaporation Condensation Sublimation Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Temperature Volume http://hogan.chem.lsu.edu/matter/chap26/animate3/an26_035.mov Melting Point -The temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid. Boiling Point- The temperature at which a liquid turns into a gas

Energy is Required to change the state of Matter Heat of Vaporization The energy required to change from a solid to a liquid Heat of Fusion The energy required to change from a liquid to a gas.

States of Matter Solid - molecules vibrate but cannot change position; definite shape and definite size Liquid - molecules can move over and around each other; definite volume but indefinite shape

States of Matter Gas - molecules move around freely and separate from one another; no definite shape or size Plasma - matter heated to such a high temperature that atoms begin to break apart; outer electrons are stripped away

The Transitions Solid  Liquid: Liquid  Gas: Solid  Gas: Liquid  Solid: Gas  Liquid: Gas  Solid: MELTING EVAPORATION SUBLIMATION FREEZING CONDENSATION DEPOSITION The Transitions

The Transitions

The State of Matter Depends on Temperature Water from your freezer starts as solid ice Add heat and you get liquid water Add more heat and you get steam (a gas) Add even more heat and you get plasma

Why does ENERGY (heat) change the State of Matter? The more heat that is applied to an object the more energy it has The more energy an object has the more it will vibrate Particle motion (from slow to fast): Solid  Liquid  Gas  Plasma

Physical and Chemical Changes

Pure Substances: cannot physically separate Element: pure substance, only one type of atom Compound: two or more elements chemically combined Pure Substances: cannot physically separate

Mixtures: can separate physically Element: pure substance, only one type of atom Compound: two or more elements chemically combined Mixtures: can separate physically

Heterogeneous Mixtures Substances can be easily distinguished and separated Ex: sand and salt, iron and sugar, sand and gravel Homogeneous Mixtures Substances are well mixed and appear the same throughout Ex: Solution

Physical Properties Describe substances undergoing physical changes Ex: density, color, texture, conductivity, malleability, ductility, boiling point, melting point Physical Properties

Chemical Properties Describe substances undergoing chemical changes Ex: flammability, corrosiveness, volatility Chemical Properties

Physical Changes Same substance remains after change Used to separate mixtures Ex: pounding, tearing, cutting, dissolving, evaporating, melting, boiling, pulling Physical Changes

If you break a bottle, you still have glass If you break a bottle, you still have glass.  Painting your nails will not stop them from being fingernails.  Some common examples of physical changes are: melting, freezing, condensing, breaking, crushing, cutting, and bending.

Some, but not all physical changes can be reversed Some, but not all physical changes can be reversed. You could refreeze the water into ice, but you cannot put your hair back together if you don’t like your haircut!

Special types of physical changes where any object changes state, such as when water freezes or evaporates, are sometimes called change of state operations.

Chemical Changes Results in new substance with new properties Also known as a chemical reaction Ex: burning, digesting, fermenting, decomposing FLAMMABILITY: A material’s ability to BURN in the presence of OXYGEN REACTIVITY: How readily (easily) a substance combines chemically with other substances. Chemical Changes

Chemical Change Evidence 1. Precipitate forms (solid) 2. Gas evolves (bubbles) 3. Color change 4. Energy change Exothermic = releases energy Endothermic = absorbs energy 5. Odor produced (sometimes)

Which has higher reactivity Which has higher reactivity? A 14 karat gold ring or a cheap metal ring from the vending machine at the grocery store? What is your evidence?

When you burn a log in a fireplace, you are carrying out a chemical reaction that releases carbon.  When you light your Bunsen burner in lab, you are carrying out a chemical reaction that produces water and carbon dioxide. 

Common examples of chemical changes that you may be somewhat familiar with are; digestion, respiration, photosynthesis, burning, and decomposition. 

Physical or Chemical Change? Burning Paper CHEMICAL

Physical or Chemical Change? Digestion of food CHEMICAL

Sugar dissolving in water PHYSICAL Physical or Chemical Change? Sugar dissolving in water PHYSICAL

Iron turning red when heated PHYSICAL Physical or Chemical Change? Iron turning red when heated PHYSICAL

Physical or Chemical Change? Evaporation PHYSICAL

A pond freezing in winter PHYSICAL Physical or Chemical Change? A pond freezing in winter PHYSICAL

Physical or Chemical Change? Melting ice PHYSICAL

Physical or Chemical Change? Cutting wire PHYSICAL

Physical or Chemical Change? Painting fingernails PHYSICAL

Physical or Chemical Change? Cutting fabric PHYSICAL

Physical or Chemical Change? Baking muffins CHEMICAL

Physical or Chemical Change? Shattering glass PHYSICAL

Decomposition of old leaves CHEMICAL Physical or Chemical Change? Decomposition of old leaves CHEMICAL

Physical or Chemical Change? Wrinkling a shirt PHYSICAL

Physical or Chemical Change? An old nail rusting CHEMICAL