Transport, Circulation and Immunity

Functions of Blood… Blood is part of the ________________ and is the means by which ____________and ____________ travel through the body to the ______________. Blood is part of the ________________ and is the means by which ____________and ____________ travel through the body to the ______________. Blood also carries _________________, ____________________________ and __________________________. Blood also carries _________________, ____________________________ and __________________________. Circulatory System oxygen nutrients cells hormones immune system components metabolic wastes Can I get mine urea free, please?

Components of blood… The fluid part of blood is called __________. It is made of ________, ________, __________ and __________. The fluid part of blood is called __________. It is made of ________, ________, __________ and __________. plasmawater saltsproteins minerals

** Plasma: a.k.a Lymph and ICF All three of these are the SAME LIQUID but the name differs based on WHERE they are located!! Weird, huh? PLASMA 1. When “it” is in the blood, it is called plasma. It is a watery substance that helps make blood a liquid. Intracellular Fluid (ICF) 2. “It” is squeezed out of the blood vessels and washes over organs. This keeps the body moist and carries away any foreign pathogens that might be there. LYMPH 3. The ICF is then “funneled” into vessels called Lymph Vessels. From here, the lymph goes through Lymph Nodes where any “funk” is filtered out. “It” is then returned to the blood and called Plasma again!

Red Blood Cells (or RBCs) The most numerous blood cells. The most numerous blood cells. Produced in the red bone marrow from stem cells. Produced in the red bone marrow from stem cells. Aka: ______________ Aka: ______________ They supply the cells of the body with oxygen for ____________________ They supply the cells of the body with oxygen for ____________________ erythrocytes cellular respiration

More on RBCs…. O 2 binds to a protein called HEMOGLOBIN on the RBC. O 2 binds to a protein called HEMOGLOBIN on the RBC. Each RBC can hold up to four molecules of oxygen at a time. Each RBC can hold up to four molecules of oxygen at a time. Carbon dioxide also binds to hemoglobin to be returned to the lungs (exhaled as waste) Carbon dioxide also binds to hemoglobin to be returned to the lungs (exhaled as waste)

… RBCs get their red color from the mineral ______, which is present in hemoglobin. RBCs get their red color from the mineral ______, which is present in hemoglobin. Red blood cells do not contain cell __________ (this means no DNA!) Red blood cells do not contain cell __________ (this means no DNA!) The adult human body has about 25,000,000,000,000 RBCs! The adult human body has about 25,000,000,000,000 RBCs! (that’s 25 trillion) iron Nucleii! Wow! That’s almost as many dollars as I have. Cool!

White Blood Cells! There is one WBC for about There is one WBC for about every 1,000 red blood cells. They do have cell nucleii, so they’re slightly larger than RBCs. They do have cell nucleii, so they’re slightly larger than RBCs. They are produced in the bone marrow. They are produced in the bone marrow.

White blood cells: Aka: Leukocytes White blood cells work to protect the body against ___________, __________ and ____________ (pathogens) White blood cells work to protect the body against ___________, __________ and ____________ (pathogens) When a person is sick, their number of white blood cells _________ to fight the pathogen. When a person is sick, their number of white blood cells _________ to fight the pathogen. link bacteria virusesparasites increase

Platelets and Clotting Platelets function to allow blood to _______ after injury. Platelets function to allow blood to _______ after injury. They are made from ___________ and ______________. They are made from ___________ and ______________. Platelets become sticky around the edges of broken ______________. Platelets become sticky around the edges of broken ______________. They cluster around this site and start a series of chemical reactions to ______________(clotting) They cluster around this site and start a series of chemical reactions to ______________(clotting) clot proteins cell fragments blood vessels stop bleeding

There are four blood types among humans: ____,____,_____ and ____. Each blood type is named by the ANTIGENS they contain on their surfaces. A Antigens trigger immune responses because antibodies bind to them. Antibodies are produced to bind to antigens (on foreign invaders) These two fit like lock and key! ABABO Know This!!!

Blood typing: Blood type: ABABO Contains antigens: Plasma contains antibodies: Can receive these blood types: (cells only!) ABA,B NONE A,OB,O A B ABO O only Type O: “Universal Donor ” Type AB: “Universal Recipient” B ABA NONE

The breakdown of human blood types:

Blood typing

Parts of the Blood 1. Red Blood Cells 2. White Blood Cells 4. Platelets 3. Plasma **

Parts is Parts

The Scoop on Capillaries! “Red blood cells”: A close-up of red blood cells within a capillary. Over 99 percent of the blood vessels in the body are capillaries, even though they only hold 5 percent of the body’s blood.

Pathway of the Blood

Intracellular Transport is the movement of materials inside the cell ________________ is the streaming of the cytoplasm, thus moving materials inside the cell. Cyclosis The _________________________ also moves materials within the cell. Endoplasmic Reticulum __________ and ___________ Transport are also forms of intracellular transport. ActivePassive

Why, oh Why do WE need TRANSPORT?? Single celled organisms can rely on diffusion and active transport. Believe it or not, ALL multicellular organisms are too big to rely on diffusion for transport! Multicellular organisms need an organized system. All organisms need to transport nutrients, gases, minerals, wastes, hormones and antibodies through out the body.

Types of Circulatory Systems No Circulatory System: single, or few celled organisms can diffuse materials directly with their environment Open Circulatory System: these organisms have blood, blood vessels and a way to pump the blood the blood washes over the organs and exchanges materials directly Closed Circulatory System: all blood is contained in blood vessels exchange of materials is via thin capillaries

Circulatory System Disorders 1. Hypertension (a.k.a. High Blood Pressure): an increase in arteriol blood pressure due to less space for the same amount of blood volume. Can be caused by constricted arteries (smoking) or clogged arteries (high fat diet). 2. Artherosclerosis: narrowing and hardening of the arteries due to increased cholesterol or fat 3. Angina Pectoris: pain the the chest, left shoulder and arm due to decreased blood supply to the heart muscle. 4. Heart Attack: similar to angina pectoris, but blood flow to all or part of the heart is cut off completely.

More disorders… 5. Anemia: the blood can not carry enough oxygen due to low iron content. 6. Leukemia: bone marrow disorder that causes uncontrolled production of non-functional white blood cells. This is a form of cancer. Caused by anemia Blood cells affected by Leukemia

IMMUNITY

I Love Stacey And Sydnie

What IS immunity? The immune response is the defensive reaction of the body to antigens (proteins on foreign substances or organisms). The immune system also protects against some cancer cells which may arise in the body.

Immunity Vocabulary Antigen: a protein on any foreign object in the body. Types are: 1.Virus 2.Bacteria 3.Fungus 4.Parasite

Immunity Vocabulary Continued… Antibodies: chemicals produced by the WBC in response to antigens. They attack the foreign invaders. Each antibody is specific to its antigen. Where have we seen this before?

Types of Immunity Active Immunity Inborn: ex, blood types Inborn: ex, blood types Natural: when the body produces antibodies because it has been exposed to a live antigen. Natural: when the body produces antibodies because it has been exposed to a live antigen. Artificial: when the body produces antibodies because it has been exposed to a weak or dead sample of the antigen. (Called….?) “attenuated virus” Artificial: when the body produces antibodies because it has been exposed to a weak or dead sample of the antigen. (Called….?) “attenuated virus” Passive Immunity Temporary response Temporary response Immunity gained by taking antibodies (taking antibiotics) ex: tetracycline, amoxycilliin Immunity gained by taking antibodies (taking antibiotics) ex: tetracycline, amoxycilliin

The Plan of Attack… 1. The body recognizes a foreign invader. 2. Body “reads” invader and then destroys it. 3. The body remembers the invader so it is prepared next time.

The Players… There are 3 types of White Blood Cells (WBC). 1.T-Lymphocytes respond to a specific antigen and have receptor proteins similar to antibodies. “The Assassins” 2.B-Lymphocytes become activated by antigens. Then can then turn into one of two cell types: (both MAKE ANTIBODIES!!) - Plasma cells are short lived and produce antibodies for the here and now. - Memory B Cells remember the antigen and produce antibodies if the antigen returns. 3. Macrophages phagocytize (or eat) any foreign particles.

The Roles of Antibodies Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins found in the blood and lymphatic systems. They bind SPECIFICALLY to antigens on foreign bodies. Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins found in the blood and lymphatic systems. They bind SPECIFICALLY to antigens on foreign bodies. They can: 1. Act as “trash tags” to tell the macrophages what to eat. 2. Punch holes in the membranes of pathogens to kill them. 3. Cover the surfaces of pathogens so they cannot bind to receptors in the body.

The Game… 1. Pathogen enters body. 2. B-Lymphocyte sees antigen and produces antibodies that “lock” onto the antigen. 3. Millions of antibodies look for other antigens of its kind. 4. Macrophage sees antigen with antibodies attached…this is their signal to eat! antibodies macrophages

Sample Regents Questions

Another sample Question…

The Good Guys always Win!