IAEA International Conference on Management of Spent Fuel from Nuclear Power Reactors 31 May to 4 June 2010, Vienna, Austria Development of the Spent Fuel Management Infrastructure in the Russian Federation E. Kudryavtsev, A. Khaperskaya Rosatom State Nuclear Energy Corporation V. Smirnov, R&D Company “Sosny” The issue of SF management is extremely important in a view of Nuclear Power sustainable development as well as for nuclear legacy problems to be solved.

Rosatom Major Tasks and Schedule for the SF and RW Management Start-up of Industrial Reprocessing Plant (RT-2) and Final Geologic Disposal Facility 2035 Major Nuclear Legacy Problems are solved Stage 3 2025 Creation of the most important Nuclear Infrastructure Facilities Stage 2 Start-up of Market-oriented RadWaste&SF management System 2015 The slide illustrate general directions and a timing for the establishing Rosatom’s RW and SF management system Establishment of Legislative and Financial Basis for the Corporate Rad&Nuclear Safety Assurance System 2010 Stage 1

Nuclear Renaissance in Russia Nuclear Power Development Program, approved by the Russian President on June 8, 2006 Federal Law of 1 December 2007 N 317-ФЗ «On the State Atomic Energy Corporation «Rosatom» Program of the «Rosatom» Corporation Activity, started from 2009 (new NPP construction) Federal Targeted Program “Nuclear and Radiological Safety Assurance for year 2008 and until 2015” with total budget of 145,4 Bn rubles (including 131,2 Bn from Federal budget) Federal Targeted Program “Nuclear Technologies of the new Generation for 2010-2015 and for 2020 perspective“ with total budget of 128 Bn rubles (including 110,4 Bn rubles from Federal budget) The general information on key events which created a basis for the nuclear power renaissance in the Russian Federation 3

Key figures of Rosatom Spent Fuel Discharge Annual Spent Fuel Discharge from Russian Power Reactors is ~650 mt 15% of that amount (VVER-440, BN-600 fuels) is currently reprocessed at RT-1 plant 30% (VVER-1000 fuel) is shipped for centralized wet storage at MCC site near Krasnoyarsk, with plans for reprocessing 55% (RBMK-1000 fuel) is currently placed in wet AFR storages with plans for further shipment for dry storage at MCC site near Krasnoyarsk A few words on current SF management situation 4

Accumulated Spent Fuel in Russian Federation - decomposition Total amount of accumulated fuel is 19 000 mt VVER-1000 RBMK-1000 VVER and RBMK fuels are at store in NPP and centralized storage facilities AMB and RR fuels heed special technical decisions According to Federal Law all accumulated SF is property of Russian Federation Accumulated SF is an important part of the Russian nuclear legacy – the problem to be solved. AMB fuel RR and other fuels

Spent Fuel Management Concept of the “ROSATOM” State Corporation Basic Principles of the Concept–2008: Reprocessing of the Used Nuclear Fuel for ecologically acceptable Waste Management and Disposal, Recycling of the Recovered Nuclear Materials High priority for Nuclear Safety and for the Nuclear Materials Security during all the management stages, aiming to avoid undue burdens on future generations Strategic Directions for the Future Activity: Development of the safe and reliable long-term storage system, Further development of reprocessing technologies, Balanced utilization of the reprocessed nuclear materials, Conditioning and final disposal of the radioactive wastes from reprocessing activity Spent fuel management concept is based on reprocessing and recycling as a basics for the closure of the fuel cycle

Development of Legislative Basis for the RW and SNF management system Russian legislation still underdeveloped and don’t correspond to the idea of Nuclear Power sustainability

Major points of the Draft Low for “Management of Radioactive Wastes” Priority for safe final disposal of radioactive wastes Realistic system for radioactive wastes classification Direct connection of radwaste ownership and responsibility Establishment of Limits for Radwaste storage period and Criteria for Waste package acceptability for the final disposal Establishment of National Operator for the final disposal activities Granted financial basis for “full cycle” waste management activities Draft of the Law is under consideration of the State Duma Most important for us is creation of the transparent and obligatory system for the RW and SF management towards final disposition of wastes and radioactive materials with full cost to be covered by operators. 8

Final RadWaste Disposal Sites in Russia Near or SubSurface Disposal Facility for LILW “MAYAK” PA HLW at MCC Near Surface Disposal Facility for LILW Major sites for the implementation of the key infrastructural projects including final disposal. 9

Development of Spent Nuclear Fuel Management System in Russia 10

Key Directions for Development of the Russian Nuclear Fuel Management System Drafting of the State Law “On Spent Nuclear Fuel Management” Infrastructure Development Projects (Wet and Dry Storages, including Cask Storage Systems) Technological options for the specific SF types (AMB, Submarine fuels, damaged and non conventional fuels) Research and Demo Center for Research and Development of Advanced Reprocessing technology at MCC (Krasnoyarsk) Final Disposal Technology for the Wastes from Reprocessing activity MOX Fuel Technology Development Key Directions include legislation issues, large construction projects, as well as research, design and development activity. 11

Spent Nuclear Fuel Management Fund State Budget SF Management Fund Accumulated Problems in SF management Newly generated Nuclear Fuel Market-oriented Structures (NPP) Federal Program Financial basis and model for the UNF management shall take into account : Full cycle for the SF management Segregation of State and Market Structures Liabilities Financial System (Centralized SF Management Fund) Full Cycle Infrastructure The idea of SF management Fund is connected with the segregation of State Liability and utilities liability. 12 12

Flowchart for the Russian SF Management System Facilities RRs, NSubs VVER-440, BN-600 Wet Storage RT-1 Plant HLW Store NFA Dismantling AMB -100, 200 PA MAYAK VVER-1000 Central Wet Store RT-2 Plant RDC VVER-1200 Dry Store On this chart you may see in red – existing facilities and in blue – anew ones, some of them are at design and preliminary design stages and dry stores are under construction. Final Geologic Disposal LL&HLW Dry Store RBMK-1000 FA Dismantling MOX-Fuel FF MCC Pu from Store 13

Major projects for SNF Management at MCC Site

Center for SF Management at Mining Chemical Combine (MCC) site Construction of the Dry Store for the VVER and RBMK fuels is the Key Rosatom’s Infrastructure Project Capacity of the I-st Stage is 8100 mt of RBMK fuel Cold Start-up in planned for the end of 2010 Enlargement of Wet Store (ХОТ-1) with gradual increase of capacity to 8600 mt You may see the construction site for large dry storage at Krasnoyarsk Mining Chemical Combine. Cold test are scheduled for the end of the year. Design work is in progress for the Research and Demo reprocessing Centre, construction will start next year. 15 15

Final Disposal of HLW near MCC Site Nijnekanskiy Massif – the place chosen for the final disposal of vitrified HLW and long-lived wastes at 500 m depth in granites I-st Stage – construction of Underground Lab. Declaration of intent already submitted to regional authorities. Geologic survey and Preliminary design are in progress for the final disposal facility near Krasnoyarsk. 16 20 16 16 16

Pu utilization at MCC site In the frame of Federal Targeted Program “Nuclear Technologies of the new Generation for 2010-2015 and for 2020 perspective“ the U-Pu fuel fabrication facilities are under development for: Securing of U-Pu fuel for BN-800 Fast Reactor (under construction) and BN-600 (Hybrid Core) at Beloyarskaya NPP by - Fabrication of the Granulated Fuel Composition at MCC (Krasnoyarsk) - Fabrication of the Fuel rods and Fuel Assemblies at NIIAR (Dimitrovgrad) Fulfillment of US-Russia Intergovernmental Agreement on Ex-Weapon Pu Disposition This year we also start the construction of granulated U-Pu fuel Fabrication Facilities at Krasnoyarsk and Dimitrovgrad sites.

Mining Chemical Combine – Centre for the Closure of Nuclear Fuel Cycle The Centre will include: - SNF storage and reprocessing - MOX fabrication - Waste final disposal MOX-Fuel HLW SNF RT-2 RT-2 With all these projects at Krasnoyarsk site Rosatom steadily create a large SF management Centre, hosting most important activities for reprocessing and recycling of nuclear materials. Demo Reprocessing Centre Underground Lab U-Pu granulated Fuel Fabrication 18 18

Reprocessing of Nuclear Legacy Fuel Very shortly about smaller projects for legacy SF fuel management.

AMB Legacy Fuels Management Total amount 300 mt of U in Mg (Ca) alloyed fuel composition Fuel Assembly is 14 m long Tasks to be solved Installation of the Safe Dismantling Complex for the AMB Fuel Assemblies at Beloyarskaya NPP Transport of the Fuel pins to PA Mayak site for reprocessing Adaptation of the RT-1 Reprocessing Technology for AMB fuel composition including Vitrification Technology for the AMB Wastes One of the most difficult task is connected with AMB fuel management. We are moving to the dismantling and reprocessing of this fuel in order to avoid undue burden for the future generations. 20 20

Research Reactors Fuel Return Program Tchekh 1 2007 2006 Uzbek 1 2008 2009 2010 2011 Bulgaria 1 Kazakhstan3 Poland 4 Germany 1 US-Russian Program for the Return of Research Reactors Fuel – Prevention of HEU Proliferation Hungary 1 Libia 1 Germany 2 Serbia 1 Latvia 1 Poland1 Ukraine 1 Kazakhstan1 Romania 1 Another small scale but very important Program is Research Reactors Fuel Return. This is US-Russian cooperative Program to eliminate HEU fuels from reactor sites and exclude proliferation risk. 7 shipments in 2010 with completion of the program in 2012 N of shipments / year 4 6 7 2 21

Conclusions 22

Tasks for mid-term implementation Securing and further development of an adequate Spent Fuel Management Infrastructure is a top priority task for Rosatom to facilitate ambitious Nuclear Power Development Program in Russia. Construction of Dry Storage, R&Demo Reprocessing and Waste disposal Facilities at Mining Chemical Combine site are the “Starting” Projects which lead a way to a large scale SF management Complex in the Russian Federation. Deployment of these facilities will increase export potential for Russian nuclear technologies including back-end fuel cycle services. Rosatom consider a reprocessing technology as a most reliable, safe and secure final disposition option for different legacy fuels as well as the only available industrial SF management technology for the future sustainable Nuclear Power evolution.

Thank you for your attention