INNOVATION DEVELOPMENT Valeria Shanks Education 8841 Diffusion and Integration of Technology in Education

INTRODUCTION What is the significance of Innovation development for computer technology in K-12 schools?

WHY WAS THERE A NEED TO INTRODUCE TECHNOLOGY? Competition with Russia’s space program

RESEARCH What organization (people) developed a solution to the problem? What were the findings? Who were the lead thinkers for innovation of computer technology?

DEVELOPMENT What problems were encountered in the development process? Who was the intended audience for computer technology?

COMMERCIALIZATION Process for production, manufacturing, packaging, marketing, and distribution for Apple which was the first company to donate computers to schools.

Computers evolve through innovation-decision process

Stage 1—Knowledge Computer innovation Apple I PC computers are donated to classrooms

Stage II-Persuasion Personal computers popularity grows worldwide IBM develops drill and practice software for schools

Stages 3 and 4 Decision/Implementation 1983 Apple II computer gains acceptance into classrooms

Stage 5--Confirmation 1984—Apple Macintosh computer is developed 1986– K-12 schools use computers for instruction and guidance purposes 1990—Multimedia PCs are developed 1994—multimedia capabilities are popularized in schools 1995—and beyond Internet gains popularity in schools

Timeline for computer innovation decision process YEARIMPACT/RESULT 1965Mainframes/minicomputers used in school administration and counseling 1971Micro processors are developed PCs are used in businesses 1971Mainframes/minicomputers used in business 1975Apple I PC computers are donated to classrooms 1979Personal Computers grow in worldwide popularity 1981IBM develops drill and practice software for schools 1983Apple II computer gains acceptance in classrooms 1984Apple Macintosh computer is developed 1986K-12 schools use computers for instruction and guidance purposes 1990 and beyondMultimedia PCs are developed and multimedia capabilities are popularized in schools Internet gains popularity in schools and becomes an invaluable resource for educators Google and Yahoo become popular web search engines

Innovativeness and Five Adopter Categories Innovators: Venturesome Early AdoptersRespect Early MajorityDeliberate Late MajoritySkeptical Laggards: TraditionalTraditional

Who are the least likely to adopt computer technology? Late Majority: Skeptical Laggards: Traditional

Rogers’ (2003) Diffusion of Innovations

Computer diffusion is completeComputer diffusion is complete. Computer diffusion is complete Page 3-Section 1-2 will show worldwide computer adoption in millions From the years 2003 through 2015.

Attributes that affect computer technology adoption IN ORDER OF IMPORTANCE: 1.Relative advantage 2. Compatibility 3. Trialability

Computer technology adoption (Benefits) Connection with business and government Enhances problem solving skills Collaboration and distance education Exposure to variety of computer programs and software (sharing data) Meets challenges of global communication Preparation for current and future careers Students produce higher-quality work

Predictability for future usage Schools must alter teaching strategies Generate support for technology from parents, community, and business personnel Continual professional development activities for educators on technology usage Equitable distribution of computers among socioeconomic groups

Hybrid ---centralized and decentralized combines centralized and decentralized 1. (overall control will rest with local experts) (Research) 2. Encourage diffusion through peer networks 3. Problem-centered approach created by needs 4. A high-degree of local adaptation

Change Agents for adoption of computer technology School Superintendents Curriculum Directors Principals Teachers

Change agent for technology integration 1) develop a need for change 2) establish an information exchange relationship 3) translate an intent into action

Computer Technology Critical Mass Computer technology has reached critical mass. My proposal is to integrate technology in K-12 schools that has not adopted a school-wide plan for technology usage. Every teacher and child have access to a computer for instructional purposes.

Need for Computer Technology in education Students support technology in their learning activities Transforms the learning environment Support instruction across the curriculum Develops problem-based and collaborative learning Enhances student-teacher relationships Promotes a variety of instructional strategies

Support for Technology Speak Up Study: Lack of Technology in K- 12 Limits Access to Educational Resources & Discourages Student Engagement

Resources for adoption of computer technology Enhancing Education through Technology (Ed-Tech) State Program “The National Education Technology Plan, Transforming American Education: Learning Powered by Technology, calls for applying the advanced technologies used in our daily personal and professional lives to our entire education system to improve student learning, accelerate and scale up the adoption of effective practices, and use data and information for continuous improvement” (ED.gov U. S. Department of Education

Appeal for technology adoption Researchers have shown why integration of technology has a positive effect on students’ academic and social-based learning skills. Turner (2009) Lewis (2009) Davis, Edmonds & Kelly-Bateman (2008) Norris, Sullivan, Poirot & Soloway (2003

Students’ technology needs are in your hands!

Here and Now! With technology access students can set and achieve their goals through:

Students without technology access:

Ladies and Gentlemen: Please support 21 st Century learning by integrating technology into our schools. Please support 21 st Century learning by integrating technology into our schools.

THANK YOU!

I will answer your questions and address your concerns.

REFERENCES A brief history of computers in education (n.d.)Science and Technology Communications. Retrieved from computers-in-education.htmhttp://mstf.org/a-brief-history-of- computers-in-education.htm Apple Computer Inc. (n.d.) Early History Retrieved from HISTORY.html Cator, K. (2011). Cator says national tech plan puts learning first. T.H.E. Journal, 38 (1). Davis, C, Edmunds, E, & Kelly-Bateman, V. (2008). Connectivism. In M. Orey (Ed.), Emerging perspectives on learning, teaching, and technology. Retrieved May, 2011 from Lu, R., Overbaugh, R. (2009). School environment and technology implementation in K-12 classrooms. Computers in the Schools, , DOI: / Murdock, Everett (2007) History, the History of Computers, and the History of Computers in Education. Retrieved from Norris, C., Sullivan, T., Poirot, J., & Soloway, E., (2003). No Access, No Use, No Impact: Snapshot Surveys of Educational Technology In K-12. Retrieved May, 2011 from Rogers, E. (1962) Diffusion of innovations. Free Press, London, NY, USA. Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of innovations (5th ed.). New York, NY: Free Press.

References Source: Yates, S. (2007). Worldwide PC Adoption Forecast Retrieved online: Zuniga, R., (2010) Computer Technology Integration Into the Public School Classroom - A Qualitative Update. Academic Leadership the Online Journal. Retrieved from om_-_A_Qualitative_Update