For each of the following, pick a country and describe how colonialism affected that country’s: a) cultural landscape b) ethnic landscape c) religious landscape You may have different countries for each of the three.

Establishing Boundaries 1. Define: treaty lays out points in landscape and lat/long. 2. Delimit: draw boundary on map 3. Demarcate: visible marking on the ground; posts, fences, etc. 4. Administrate: determine how boundary is maintained, how people cross, etc.

Antecedent boundary: Pre-existing, commonly corresponds to a physical feature; border made before land was populated.

Subsequent boundary: Line drawn after an area is occupied; often corresponds to their respective ecumene; takes into account ethnic differences.

Superimposed boundary: Boundary is imposed by an outside force (treaty). May not reflect existing cultural landscape.

Relic boundary: No longer a boundary. Often the outcome of political changes. Still a visible imprint on the landscape.

Antecedent Boundary

Subsequent Boundary

Superimposed Boundary

Relic Border

Natural/Physical Boundary

Geometric Boundary

geometric boundary

Ethnic Boundary

Definitional Boundary Dispute

Locational Boundary Dispute

Allocational Boundary Dispute

Spratley Islands: Dispute

Operational Boundary Dispute

physical-political boundary

Friedrich Ratzel German School: lebensraum

Germany starts WWII

Sir Halford Mackinder’s Heartland Theory

Nichols Spyman’s Rimland Theory

Cooperation vs…

Unilateralism: Vietnam United States 58,220 dead; 303,644 wounded South Korea 5,099 dead; 10,962 wounded; 4 missing Australia 500 dead; 3,129 wounded Thailand 351 dead;1,358 wounded New Zealand 37 dead; 187 wounded Philippines 9 dead

1. Compact States: Efficient In a compact state, the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly. The ideal theoretical compact state would be shaped like a circle, with the capital at the center and the shortest possible boundaries to defend.

2. Prorupted States: Access or Disruption An otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension is a prorupted state. Proruptions are created for 2 reasons: Access to a resource such as water They can also separate two states that otherwise would share a boundary.

3. Elongated States: Potential Isolation There are a handful of elongated states, or states with a long and narrow shape. Elongated states may suffer from poor internal communications.

4. Fragmented States: Problematic A fragmented state includes several discontinuous pieces of territory. 2 kinds: those areas separated by water, and those separated by an intervening state.

5. Perforated States: South Africa A state that completely surrounds another is a perforated state.

1. Compact States: Efficient In a compact state, the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly. The ideal theoretical compact state would be shaped like a circle, with the capital at the center and the shortest possible boundaries to defend.

Compact State - Rwanda

2. Prorupted States: Access or Disruption An otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension is a prorupted state. Proruptions are created for 2 reasons: Access to a resource such as water They can also separate two states that otherwise would share a boundary.

When the British ruled the otherwise compact state of Afghanistan, they created a long, narrow proruption to the east that was to prevent Russia from sharing a border with Pakistan.

3. Elongated States: Potential Isolation There are a handful of elongated states, or states with a long and narrow shape. Elongated states may suffer from poor internal communications.

4. Fragmented States: Problematic A fragmented state includes several discontinuous pieces of territory. 2 kinds: those areas separated by water, and those separated by an intervening state.

The most extreme example is Indonesia, made up of 13,677 islands.

5. Perforated States: South Africa A state that completely surrounds another is a perforated state. The one good example is South Africa which completely surrounds the state of Lesotho. Lesotho must depend entirely on South Africa for the import and export of goods.

Fragmented States The most extreme example is Indonesia, made up of 13,677 islands. The fragmentation hinders communications makes integration of of people living on remote islands nearly impossible. A difficult type of fragmentation occurs if the 2 pieces of territory are separated by another state. Imagine the difficulty of communicating between Alaska and the lower 48 if Canada were not a friendly neighbor.

Fragmented States An unusual case of fragmentation is in India on a tiny strip of land called Tin Bigha. The Tin Bigha corridor measures only 600 feet by 300 feet. It fragments Dhagram and Angarpota from the rest of Bangladesh. The problem is a legacy of the British who divided the region according to religion with Hindu enclaves to India and Muslim enclaves to Bangladesh. India agreed to lease the Tin Bigha corridor to Bangladesh. This created another fragmentation - Cooch Behar from the rest of India.