Essential Question: What were the significant causes & effects of America’s “new” foreign policy from 1890 to 1914? Lesson plan for Tuesday, Dec 9, 2008: Warm-Up Question, Span-American War notes, McKinley video

Reasons for U.S. Expansion Prior to 1890, U.S. expansion was focused on settling the western frontier via Manifest Destiny Expansion by 1890s was different New forms of communication led to a sense of internationalism Looked to gain more naval bases & markets in major trade routes New territories were viewed as colonies, not as future-states

Reasons for U.S. Expansion Why the new focus? New markets The end of the Western frontier led to fears about America’s future economic opportunities American industrialism made the U.S. a major exporter Businessmen feared nothing would be left when European nations finished imperializing

World Colonial Empires, 1900 U.S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

Reasons for U.S. Expansion Why the new focus? Darwinism Social Darwinism promoted white superiority “White man’s burden” promoted the American & European “duty to civilize” the world through trade, democracy, & Christianity By the 1890s, the U.S. was ready for its first real foreign “policy”

American Social Darwinism Civilization Vice Ignorance Barbarism Superstition Oppression Which nations is England “hauling up the hill”? What about the U.S.?

The U.S. coveted Hawaii & control of the sea lanes to China The US as a World Power The U.S. promoted trade with Europe but avoided diplomatic conflicts (neutrality) The U.S. used the Monroe Doctrine in Latin America but viewed the Caribbean as an “American lake” & Latin America as a vast potential market for U.S. goods The U.S. coveted Hawaii & control of the sea lanes to China

The U.S. as a World Power: Alaska In 1867, Seward negotiated the purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million Canada became a dominion of England in 1867 and Seward hoped to convince England to give up Canada; thus the purchase of Alaska Secretary of State William Seward (under Lincoln & Johnson) hoped to annex Canada & Mexico for the USA

The U.S. as a World Power: Latin America Sec of State William Blaine (under Garfield & Harrison) emphasized a “Good Neighbor Policy” & created bilateral treaties to secure U.S. trade U.S. businesses flooded Latin America with goods, bought raw materials, & undercut local Latin American businesses In the Gilded Age, U.S. companies like United Fruit became the largest land owners & employers in many central American nations

The U.S. as a World Power: Hawaii U.S. missionaries & prospectors 1st arrived in Hawaii in the 1820s; By the 1870s, Hawaii was dominated by sugar & fruit plantation owners who called for U.S. annexation “The Hawaiian pear is now fully ripe, and this is the golden hour for the United States to pluck it.” —John Foster, Sec of State under Harrison In 1887, the US gained Pearl Harbor as a naval base In 1891, U.S. planters led an overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani & Hawaii became a republic in 1894 under Sanford Dole

Hawaii was annexed in 1898 under President McKinley Do you see any short- & long-term significance to annexing Hawaii? Hawaii is the stepping-stone to the vast Asian markets

The U.S. as a World Power: China The U.S. Open Door Policy in 1900 suggested that no nation would have an exclusive sphere of influence in China The U.S. was eager to trade with China; but China was divided into European spheres of influence

The U.S. as a World Power: Japan But U.S.-Japanese relations were rocky in the early 20th Century The U.S. navy led by Commodore Matthew Perry “opened” Japan to U.S. trade in 1854 & ended 200 years of Japanese isolationism Japan gained power in Asia after the Russo-Japanese War in 1904 & gained control of Korea The U.S. & Japan signed a “Gentlemen’s Agreement” in 1907: U.S. rescinded segregation against Japanese living in CA & Japan limited emigration to the U.S. The Root-Takahira Agreement in 1908 agreed to protect Asian status quo, uphold the Open Door policy, & respect Chinese independence

The U.S.’ most influential naval strategist (under President Cleveland) The New Navy In order to adequately prepare for the new U.S. role in foreign policy, Alfred Mahan pushed for a “new navy” in the 1880s: The initial focus was to create lightly-armored, fast ships But by the 1890s, the navy built new “offensive” battleships The navy improved from 12th the world in 1889 to 3rd in 1900 1st big, heavy-armor ships 1st submarines 1st smokeless-powder artillery 1st rapid-fire guns 1st torpedoes Sec of the navy Benjamin Tracy (under Harrison) oversaw US’s 1st big ships, 1st submarine, 1st smokeless powder, 1st rapid-fire guns, 1st torpedoes, 1st heavy-armor ships

Essential Question: What were the significant motivations for & results of America’s “new” foreign policy from 1890 to 1914? Lesson plan for Wednesday, Dec 10, 2008: RQ 20B, Finish Span-American War notes, Span-Am War primary source docs

The Spanish-American War

Causes of the Spanish-American War U.S. presidents from Jefferson to McKinley saw the benefits for the U.S. of gaining Cuba The Spanish-American War to assist Cuba’s independence was the most popular war since the American Revolution Cuba & Puerto Rico were last remnants of Spain’s empire

Causes of the Spanish-American War By the 1860s, the only remaining pieces of the Spanish Empire were Cuba, Puerto Rico, & Philippines José Martí led Cubans in revolt against Spain in 1895 Spanish General Weyler used a reconcentration policy (torture & destruction of the Cuban food supply) to try to end the Cuban independence movement

Evidence of Spanish Mistreatment of Cubans General Weyler’s Reconcentration Policy

American Involvement Presidents Cleveland & McKinley both remained neutral regarding Cuban independence until: Newspapers used sensationalist “yellow journalism” which boosted U.S. sympathy for Cuba In 1898, the USS Maine, sent to protect U.S. interests in Cuba, exploded in Havana harbor

Jingoism is chauvinistic patriotism, usually with a hawkish political stance. In practice, it refers to sections of the general public who advocate bullying other countries or using whatever means necessary to safeguard a country's national interests

Pulitzer’s The World & Hearst’s New York Journal

The Spanish-American War In April 1898, Congress declared war on Spain, but added the Teller Amendment to the war declaration stated that the U.S. had no plans to annex Cuba The war led to patriotic outburst: Ex-Confederates served & symbolically united North & South Women & African-Americans volunteered in mass numbers “Populists, Democrats, & Republicans are we. But we are all Americans to make Cuba free.”

Spanish-American War was fought in 2 theaters: Cuba & the Philippines Even the elite joined: Teddy Roosevelt led the Rough Riders in Cuba “What a splendid little war.” —John Hay, Secretary of State under President McKinley The war lasted only 113 days & resulted in 5,500 deaths (mostly from disease, only 379 died in battle)

Results of Spanish-American War U.S. & Spain signed the Treaty of Paris on Dec 10, 1898: Cuba gained independence U.S. gained Puerto Rico & Guam What to do with the Philippines? The U.S. did not want it, but Germany did, so the U.S. annexed the Philippines

The U.S. did not deem Filipinos “ready” for self-rule War in the Philippines The U.S. did not deem Filipinos “ready” for self-rule Filipinos welcomed war with Spain & aided the U.S. in the Pacific, but they grew angry when the U.S. refused to grant independence Emilio Aguinaldo led a guerilla-style rebellion that lasted 3 years: Cost 4,300 U.S. lives & between 50,000 & 200,000 native lives The U.S. resorted to Weyler-style brutality: torture, starvation, rape

War in the Philippines McKinley appointed William Taft to the Philippine Commission: Built schools, roads, & bridges Improved taxes & sanitation Created local governments that honored Filipino culture Aguinaldo was captured & urged an end to the fighting The Philippines was granted independence on July 4, 1946

The “American Empire” in 1900 How should the new lands in the new “empire” be governed? Citizenship? Voting? The Platt Amendment created a new Cuban constitution but forced Cuba to give up land for U.S. naval bases, pay off U.S. war debts, Cuba could not sign a foreign treaty that hurt the U.S., & the U.S. could intervene in Cuba at any time Hawaii, Alaska, & Puerto Rico were made territories with appointed governors & granted U.S. citizenship The navy controlled Guam & Samoa

Our Sphere of Influence

Conclusions: The USA as a New World Power

Impact of Spanish-American War Just as the Depression of 1893 led to a shift in domestic policy, the Spanish-American War led to shift in U.S. foreign policy: The U.S. gained overseas territories & was recognized as a legitimate “world power” Increased the power of the American president