MACROMOLECULES OF LIFE Found in all living things Building blocks of all cells Made up of the atoms: Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur There are 4 1.Carbohydrates  C, H, & O 2.Lipids  C, H, & O 3.Proteins  C, H, O, N, & S 4.Nucleic Acids  C, H, O, N, & P

Carbohydrates Basic units: sugars Provide energy and structural support Fiber is a carbohydrate that prevents constipation Foods: breads, cereals, vegetables, fruits, & seeds Extra glucose is converted into glycogen in the liver Glucose

Test for Simple Carbohydrates Benedict’s solution Benedict's solution is a chemical indicator for simple sugars such as glucose: C6H12O6. Aqua blue: negative test; yellow/green/brick red, etc.: positive test

Test for Complex Carbohydrates Test for Complex Carbohydrates Iodine Solution Iodine solution Æ color change = blue to black

Lipids/Fats Basic units: fatty acids Functions: provides energy & structure, cushions the body, and prevents heat loss Found in butter, margarine, candy made of fatty acid molecules that consist of two distinct regions:  a long hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain  a hydrophilic head

Test for lipids Test for Fats (lipids) Sudan IV If lipids are present the Sudan IV will stain them reddish ‐ orange (positive test). Also used is the paper bag method. If the bag shows a grease spot then there are fats present.

Saturated Fats contain single carbon-to-carbon bonds has lots of hydrogen solid at room temperature (beef, pork, chicken, dairy) found in animal products Reduce Intake!  can clog blood vessels

Unsaturated Fats contain double or triple carbon-to-carbon bonds & fewer hydrogen atoms Liquid at room temperature (oils, nuts, & seeds) found in plant products Better Intake!

Molecular structures of Fats Saturated Fat Unsaturated Fat

DNA Structure discovery James Watson and Francis Crick with DNA Model in 1953.

Nucleic Acids Atoms: C, H, O, N, P Basic units: nucleotides composed of  Sugar Phosphate group Base: cytosine, guanine, adenime, thymine, uracil There are two types: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid) Function: DNA directs & controls all activities of all cells in an organism – RNA helps

DNA – DeoxyriboNucleic Acid DNA is the hereditary material passed on from parents to offspring Structure: double- stranded  Phosphate group  Sugar  deoxyribose  Bases  Cytosine – Guanine Adenine – Thymine

RNA RNA helps the DNA RiboNucleic Acid Structure: single- stranded Basic units: nucleotides  Phosphate group  Sugar  ribose  Bases  Cytosine – Guanine Adenine – Uracil

Nitrogenous Bases

Proteins Atoms: C, H, O, N, S Basic units: amino acids (20) Provide energy & structure, repairs body tissues Some are called hormones, enzymes, neurotransmitters, etc. Foods high in protein: meat, eggs, poultry, milk & milk products, nuts, dried beans, peas, & lentils

Proteins Primary Structure The very basic strand of amino acids Secondary Structure The hydrogen-bond interaction among strands of amino acids giving alpha helices and beta-sheets shapes.

Proteins Tertiary Structure Interaction between alpha helices and beta-sheets. These protein domains for small globular proteins. Quaternary Structure Small globular proteins form protein aggregates. A famous example is hemoglobin.

Protein Structures

Protein Structures (Cont’d)

Enzymes Are proteins Speed up chemical reactions without being consumed or using energy Enzymes Amylase - breaks down sugar Amylase - breaks down sugar Proteases - break down proteins Proteases - break down proteins Lipases - break down lipids Lipases - break down lipids Catalase - breaks down hydrogen peroxide Catalase - breaks down hydrogen peroxide

Enzyme Action Models Models

lock and key model  substrate & the enzyme fit together perfectly induced-fit model  Enzyme changes shape slightly to accommodate the substrate

Factors that affect enzyme action: 1.Temperature – 37oC best for human enzymes 2.pH – different for each enzyme a. 7 for amylase in the mouth b. 2 for pepsin in the stomach c. 8 for trypsin in the intestines 3.Concentration of enzyme and substrate 4.Coenzymes – helpers such as minerals and vitamins

Macromolecules parts of the cell Membrane