Jefferson Alters the Nation’s Course Chapter 6, Section 3

1. Who negotiated a treaty with England in 1794? A. Thomas Pinckney B. Ben Franklin C. John Jay D. John Adams 2. Who negotiated a treaty with Spain in 1795? A. Thomas Pinckney B. Ben Franklin C. John Jay D. John Adams 3. Who won the election of 1800? A. John Adams B. James Madison C. Alexander Hamilton D. Thomas Jefferson 4. Louisiana was purchased from which country? A. Britain B. France C. Spain D. Holland 5.What insult almost resulted in war between France and the US? A.Sectionalism B. Alien and Sedition Acts C. XYZ AffairD. Nullification

Thomas Jefferson Virginia Dem.-Rep % Aaron Burr New York Dem.-Rep % John Adams Massachusetts Federalist % Election of

“Revolution of 1800” Jefferson defeats Adams, 73 to 65 electoral votes Aaron Burr delivers New York, Federalist stronghold, to Jefferson South and West are Jeffersonian, growing in power and population Jefferson and Burr tie. Federalists attempt to give Pres. to Burr, delaying action in the House of Reps for months, taking 35 ballots in all. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Power had successfully changed hands in the new republic.

Federalists Lose Power HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Federalists provide period of conservatism that allows for consolidation of revolutionary gains. However, Federalists are unable to adapt aristocratic ideals into appeal to the “common” majority of voters.

Jefferson Administration Virtues practiced are Frugality, Simplicity, Equality – avoid monarchical appearances Political Moderation and Restraint -employed to ease Federalist fears Reduced the size of govt. and pursued “free trade” Increases Southern influence on govt., esp. Virginia’s Did not employ excessive patronage, many Federalist appointees retain positions

Was the incident of the “midnight justices” and Marbury vs. Madison a Failure or Success?WHY? For Jefferson? WHY? For the Federalists?WHY? For the Supreme Court?WHY? Jefferson Administration

The Struggle for the Court Judiciary Act of 1801 = Adams tries to pack the court with Federalist judges Midnight judges= the Federalist appointees, including John Marshall as Chief Justice KEY FACT: Appointments were signed but not delivered. DEBATE: Are the appointments of Adams now binding on Jefferson?

Marbury v. Madison, 1803 If an act of the legislature, repugnant to the constitution, is void, does it, notwithstanding its invalidity, bind the courts, and oblige them to give it effect? Or, in other words, though it be not law, does it constitute a rule as operative as if it was a law?... It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is. Those who apply the rule to particular cases, must of necessity expound and interpret that rule. If two laws conflict with each other, the courts must decide on the operation of each. If, then, the courts are to regard the constitution, and the constitution is superior to any ordinary act of the legislature, the constitution, and not such ordinary act, must govern the case to which they both apply… It is also not entirely unworthy of observation that in declaring what shall be the supreme law of the land, the constitution itself is first mentioned; and not the laws of the United States generally, but those only which shall be made in pursuance of the constitution, have that rank. Thus, the particular phraseology of the constitution of the United States confirms and strengthens the principle, supposed to be essential to all written constitutions, that a law repugnant to the constitution is void; and that courts, as well as other departments, are bound by that instrument.

Marbury v. Madison HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Establishes the principal of JUDICIAL REVIEW = the ability of the Court to declare an act of Congress or the President unconstitutional. “ The critical importance of Marbury is the assumption of several powers by the Supreme Court. One was the authority to declare acts of Congress, and by implication acts of the president, unconstitutional if they exceeded the powers granted by the Constitution. But even more important, the Court became the arbiter of the Constitution, the final authority on what the document meant. As such, the Supreme Court became in fact as well as in theory an equal partner in government, and it has played that role ever since.”

Federalists Continue to Lose Power Hamilton attacks Adams, splitting Federalist Party Adams/Federalists lose election of 1804 Hamilton seeks to prevent Burr from becoming Gov. of New York in /11/1804 Hamilton fights Aaron Burr in a duel, and is killed. Burr kills Federalist leadership, and his own career Federalists fade

Louisiana Purchase From Marshall Sprague, So Vast and Beautiful a Land: Louisiana and the Purchase. Boston, Little, Brown and Co., P (Courtesy Special Collections Division, University of Washington Libraries.)

Jefferson and Louisiana : Population in the Ohio Valley grows. Daniel Boone clears the Wilderness Road. 1800: Spain cedes trans-Mississippi/LA to France 1802: US loses right to deposit in New Orleans 1803: Jefferson sends envoys to Napoleon 4/30/1803: Frances sells LA for $15 million Why did Napoleon sell? What was the constitutional issue at hand for Jefferson? Who got more than they bargained for?

New Orleans Under My Wings The French and Spanish developed this port city during the eighteenth century. By century's end many in the United States saw New Orleans as a key to the new nation's future expansion and prosperity. (Chicago Historical Society) New Orleans Under My Wings Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Louisiana Purchase of 1803 Avoided war with France and Spain Avoided entanglements with Great Britain Vast tracts open for farming for growing population Western expansion favors Jefferson & Republicans, gains loyalty of Western US Federalists decline further, esp. after Burr’s plot of secession fails Est. practice of acquisition by purchase Est. power of the President to make treaties

Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Seeking a Northwest Passage and boundaries of new LA territory : 2 and ½ year journey, 50 men in Corps of Discovery Navigated the Missouri, crossed the Rockies, went down the Columbia River to the Pacific and back Received help from many Native Americans during their journey, esp. Sacajawea, a Shoshone woman who served as interpreter and guide First Americans to cross the North American continent. Demonstrated the viability of an overland passage to Pacific Opened the West to settlement

A Map of Lewis and Clark's Track Across the Western Portion of North America, drawing by W. Clark Drawn by Meriwether Lewis's traveling mate on the famous expedition and combining Clark's own observations with those of Indians and explorers, this 1814 map gave Americans their first view of the vast territory purchased in Clark's depiction of the Rockies was substantially accurate, his description of the Southwest less so. (Library of Congress Geography & Map division) A Map of Lewis and Clark's Track Across the Western Portion of North America, drawing by W. Clark Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Seeking a Northwest Passage and boundaries of new LA territory : 2 and ½ year journey, 50 men in Corps of Discovery Navigated the Missouri, crossed the Rockies, went down the Columbia River to the Pacific and back Received help from many Native Americans during their journey, esp. Sacajawea, a Shoshone woman who served as interpreter and guide First Americans to cross the North American continent. Demonstrated the viability of an overland passage to Pacific Opened the West to settlement