© T. M. Whitmore TODAY Post-colonial or neo-colonial (mostly 19 th C) economic geographies of Spanish Latin America – continued  Sugar in Cuba  Industrial minerals Agriculture and rural development  Characteristics of small holders  Land (or agrarian) reform

© T. M. Whitmore LAST TIME- Questions? Post-colonial or neo-colonial (mostly 19 th C) economic geographies of Spanish Latin America  Temperate zone agriculture  Argentine pampas  Bananas in C America  Coffee in Brazil & C America

© T. M. Whitmore SugarSugar in Cuba Ideal local agroecological conditions Near huge USA market Sugar present but not well developed under Spanish USA acquired Cuba in 1898 as result of Spanish American war USA corporations (agribusiness) set up huge sugar plantations, mills, railroads

© T. M. Whitmore Sugar in Cuba Results Vast increase in output  50% of all land in sugar by 1930  Labor demand => increase in immigration  Investment in early yellow fever and malaria eradication  USA control of Cuban economy set stage for Castro in 1959 Ongoing reliance on sugar diminisheddiminished

© T. M. Whitmore Industrial Minerals Chilean nitrates & phosphates Chilean Bolivian Tin Bolivian Copper, lead, zinc in PeruPeru Oil in Mexico and VenezuelaMexico

nitrates

Tin

copper

Oil & gas

© T. M. Whitmore Generalizations about 19th C neo-colonial development Few jobs except for small-holder coffee Profit to few (mostly foreign or local elites) Foreign control of development, infrastructure, capital investment, and expertise Development geographically isolated Few economic multipliers At the mercy of international prices Foreign control Nationalization

© T. M. Whitmore Geographic Impact of the colonial and neo-colonial extractive economy Geographic isolation of some development Much development focused on the main, often primate, usually old colonial center city — often called the core “Rachet-effect” of development in the core city Patterns persist, albiet changed

© T. M. Whitmore Contemporary agricultural & rural development: 5 important Issues Today:  Characteristics of small holders  Land reform Tuesday  Role of Technology  Productivity paradox  Internal colonization

© T. M. Whitmore Agricultural and Rural Development I: Small Holder Agriculture Poverty Field fragmentation Risk averse Polyculture Intraspecies diversity Role of off-farm income

© T. M. Whitmore Agricultural and Rural Development II: Land reform Goals of land reform  Improved social equity  Productivity increases  Political goals Types of land reform  Re-distributive type Re-distributive  Collectivist type Collectivist  Mixed type Mixed  Contemporary “grass roots” types Contemporary

© T. M. Whitmore Re-distributive land reform: Bolivia example Pre-reform agriculture in 1950 Revolution in 1952/3 => Results of Bolivian land reform New impetus for land reform by current govt.

© T. M. Whitmore Collectivist land reform: Cuba example 1959 and after pre-reform revolution => Results of Cuban land reform

© T. M. Whitmore Mixed land reform: Mexico example revolution Pre-reform in 1910 Post-revolution: 1921 — 1980s  Ejido system  Most haciendas expropriated and all or parts redistributed  Wealthy hacienda owner got to keep some lands  Some ex-hacienda lands were set up as undivided collective farms Results of Mexican land reform

Río Fuerte

© T. M. Whitmore Contemporary land reform O Movimento dos Sem Terra (The Movement of Rural Landless workers) or the MST in Brazil

© Wendy Woford

Mid 1990s

Soy in S America

A New Society: Egalitarian and Socialist © Wendy Woford

MST Activists © Wendy Woford

Marcelo and Iara © Wendy Woford

Campos Settlement, SC © Wendy Woford

A settler’s land, Campos, SC © Wendy Woford

Ourives Settlement © Wendy Woford

Without Running Water: Ourives © Wendy Woford

© T. M. Whitmore Effective Methods: MST from 1985 to million members On 4,000 settlements In 22 states 230,000 occupations