Piloting Course (Inland Navigation) Chapter 1 Introduction to Navigation SEO – Dave West Instructor – Art Mollica United States Power Squadrons ®

Apps for Boaters Mariners may find this listing of boating related apps for smartphones, iPods, and tablets useful in their boating activities. Many are free, but not all.

United States Power Squadrons ® Physiological Safety & Security Belonging & Love Esteem Acceptance Inner Talent Creativity – Fulfillment Self Actualization Food – Water – Shelter – Warmth Stability – Freedom from Fear Family – Friends – Spouse – Lover Achievement – Mastery Recognition – Respect Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs USPS Education Program

United States Power Squadrons ® Electives Seamanship Piloting Advanced Piloting Ocean Navigation Navigation Cruise Planning, Engine Maintenance, Marine Communications, Marine Electronics, Sail, Weather Boat Handling Inland Navigation Coastal Navigation USPS Education Program Off-shore Navigation Junior Navigation

Slide 5 The Piloting Course A pilot is a mariner who guides ships through dangerous or congested waters, such as harbors or river mouths. Pilots specifically use pilotage techniques relying on nearby visual reference points and local knowledge of tides, swells, currents, depths and shoals that might not be readily identifiable on nautical charts without first hand experience in the waters in question. Why are we worrying about piloting when we don’t fly airplanes?

Slide 6 The Piloting Course  Based on Electronic Navigation Know where you are! Emphasis planning & how to use  Aimed at the Recreational boater Must know basics Electronics failure  Open book examination Homework Practice Cruise The art of Navigation with the aid of landmarks and navigation aids (AtoN’s) performed near land (coastal & inland), where navigation is most challenging. website – msi.nga.mil Maritime Safety Information at National Geospatial Intelligence Agency select “Publications”

Slide 7 Course Content  Piloting Local waters Emphasis on Planning, Plotting, Tools Electronic Navigation - GPS primary Compass as key navigation tool Pre-plan, following the plan Staying on course Checking Navigating in the event of a failure Overview – digital charting  Advanced Piloting Extended Coastal/Inland Cruising Advanced positioning techniques  Accuracy, Cross-checking Electronic Navigation  Chart plotters, Computers, Digital Charts, Radar, Sonar Tidal and Currents  Depth, Clearance, Effects Adjusting for winds or currents  Junior Navigation/Navigation Off-shore/Ocean cruising Use of marine sextant  Sun sights  Star/Moon/Planet sights

Slide 8 Basic Terms  Course (track) The line that your boat should follow (line of motion) Intended – expected direction Made Good – resultant direction Over Ground – actual direction relative to ground Dead Reckoning – intended course as plotted  Cross Track Error Distance off course (XTE, TKE)  Bearing A horizontal line of direction (line of position) from an observer to a known charted object expressed as an angle from a reference direction, e.g. compass bearing, magnetic bearing, true bearing, relative bearing and ball bearing.

Slide 9 Boaters Kuma SatraBasic Terms  Positions DR – dead reckoning position (60D = ST) Fix - a known position  The intersection of 2 or more bearings  Waypoint or Navigational Aid (close arrival)  GPS coordinates (Charting Symbol – identify how fix was obtained) (Charting Symbol) Radar (or other electronic means) GPS (based on GPS reading) Visual (close aboard charted NavAid) (intersection of two or more bearings) RFix (running fix, based on two or more bearings taken at difference times) (arrival at waypoint)

Slide 10 Navigation Tools & Techniques  Charts Scaled representations  Chapter 2  Plotting Tool Many devices available USPS 4x15 Rectangular Plotter  Plot & Measure  Courses & Bearings (direction)  Calculator Scientific type  Pencil Sharp point – med softness Eraser, smudge free Eraser shield  Dividers Many types available  Measure Coordinates  Measure Distance  Labeling Hand-off to others  Accuracy Courses, Bearings nearest 1°  +/- 1 º Distance to nearest 0.1nm  +/- 0.1nm Speed to one decimal point (3.0 Knots, 22.6 Knots) Time, 24-hr clock, nearest minute Coordinates nearest 0.1’  +/- 0.1’

Slide 11 Navigational Checker Download from:

© 2004, “The Weekend Navigator” Slide 12 Three Steps in Navigation planning navigating checking chart compass GPS NOTE Hand bearing compass

Slide 13 Labeling – Planning Step 1. Label waypoints, use unique symbol when not charted AtoN. 2. Draw and measure course lines (length & direction). 3. Qualify course. 4. Label course and reciprocal. 5. Label distance near midpoint. 6. Enter in GPS. Start End (Symbol when not NavAid)

Slide 14 Labeling – Underway Step 1. Once underway, label speed for each leg and times for each position. 2. Hourly or when needed, plot GPS position and when possible check with bearing. 3. If GPS is suspect, determine position from bearings or last know good position. 4. Proceed using DR navigation. ?

Slide 15 Labeling – DR plotting DR formulas: 60D=ST 1. D = ST / 60 (known speed and time, find distance) 2. S = 60D / T (known distance and time, find speed) 3. T = 60D / S (known distance and speed, find time) S = 6.0 T = 1400 – 1300 = 60min D = 6.0 x 60 / 60 Distance = 6.0nm What is Distance to 1421? What is Distance to 1500? T = 1549 – 1500 = 49min D = 5.3nm S = 60 x 5.3 / 49 SMG = 6.49 = 6.5kn D = 6.2nm S = 5.0kts T = 60 x 6.2 / 5.0 T = 74.4 = 74min ETA = = 1703

Slide 16 “Seaman’s Eye”  Informal concepts  Means of staying in touch  Used to crosscheck navigation  Simple tools to help you out  Supplement, NOT substitute

Slide 17 Sense of Direction N E S W Charts are orientated with NORTH at top (except USACE) º º º º Abeam to Starboard Abeam to Port Relative (to boat) Bearings – “Seaman’s Eye”

Slide 18 Cardinal Points: North East South West Intracardinal Points: Northeast Southeast Southwest Northwest Points of the Compass Can you name the other 24 points? East by South (EbS) East Southeast (ESE) NORTHNORTH North by East (NbE) Northeast by North (NEbN Northeast (NE) Northeast by East (NEbE) East Northeast (ENE) East by North (EbN) EAST Southeast by East (SEbE) Southeast (SE) Southeast by South (SEbS) South Southeast (SSE) South by East (SbE) SOUTHSOUTH North Northeast (NNE) North by West (NbW) Northwest by North (NWbN) Northwest (NW) Northwest by North (NWbN) West Northwest (WNW) West by North (WbN) WEST West by South (WbS) West Southwest (WSW) Southwest by West (SWbW) Southwest (SW) Southwest by South (SWbS) South Southwest (SSW) South by West (SbW) North Northwest (NNW)

Slide 19 1 point abaft stbd beam 2 points abaft stbd beam DEADAHEADDEADAHEAD 1 point on stbd bow 3 points on stbd bow Broad on stbd bow 3 points fwd stbd beam 2 points fwd stbd beam 1 point fwd stbd beam ON STARBOARD BEAM 3 points abaft stbd beam Broad on stbd quarter 3 points on stbd quarter 2 points on stbd quarter 1 point on stbd quarter ASTERNASTERN 2 points on stbd bow 1 point on port bow 3 points on port bow Broad on port bow 3 points fwd port beam 2 points fwd port beam 1 point fwd port beam ON PORT BEAM 1 point abaft port beam 2 points abaft port beam 3 points abaft port beam Broad on port quarter 3 points on port quarter 2 points on port quarter 1 point on port quarter 2 points on port bow Relative Sense of Direction

MINUTE BREAK PLEASE TAKE YOUR SEATS

Slide 21 Latitude & Longitude  Your ‘street address’ – location Latitude & Longitude provided by GPS Must relate this to a Chart  To see where you are  and… to see what is around and beneath you  and… to see what is between you and your destination Grid on Chart must match grid in GPS  Most Charts WGS 84

Equator - 0º Parallels of Latitude Meridians of Longitude Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere 0 – 90 º North 0 – 90 º South Prime Meridian - 0 º South Pole - 90 º º West º East 1º = 60 minutes (‘) 1’ = 1 nautical mile (nm) 1nm = 6076 feet Statue mile = 5280 feet nm = 1.15 sm ALWAYS measure distance using Latitude scale Terrestrial Coordinate System North Pole - 90 º

Terrestrial Coordinate System Labeling Latitude and Longitude Latitude 45 º Longitude 90 º L 45 ºN Lo 90 ºW L 45 ºN Lo 90 ºE L 45 ºS Lo 90 ºW L 45 ºS Lo 90 ºE USPS Standards L 45 º 00.0’N Lo 90 º 00.0’W

Arctic Circle L 66º 33’ 44”N Tropic of Cancer L 23º 26’ 16”N Tropic of Capricorn L 23º 26’ 16”S Antarctic Circle L 66º 33’ 44”S Equator Terrestrial Coordinate System North Temperate Zone (mid latitudes) South Temperate Zone (mid latitudes) Torrid Zone North Frigid Zone South Frigid Zone

Terrestrial Coordinate System Rotational Axel 23º 26’ 16” 24hrs daylight 24hrs darkness Summer Solstice Winter Solstice

Celestial Coordinate System Pn Celestial Equator Hour Circle Celestial Sphere Parallel of Declination Observers Celestial Meridian Declination Ps West Greenwich Celestial Meridian

Slide 27 SKILL – Measure Coordinates 84º 30’ 35’40’ 32º 55’  North Latitude & West Longitude Latitude value increases from bottom to top Longitude value increases from right to left  North Latitude & East Longitude Latitude value increases from bottom to top Longitude value increases from left to right  South Latitude & West Longitude Latitude value increases from top to bottom Longitude value increases from right to left  South Latitude & East Longitude Latitude value increases from top to bottom Longitude value increases from left to right 84º 30’ 25’20’ 32º 55’ 84º 30’ 35’40’ 32º 05’ 84º 30’ 25’20’ 32º 05’ 00’ 32º

© 2004, “The Weekend Navigator” Slide 28 Using Dividers 31’ 31.5’ 31.8’ 41°

Slide 29 Measuring Long Distances  When the dividers cannot reach from start to destination Select a convenient distance on dividers Start at one end of the course line… Pivot the dividers and count the # of pivots For the final increment, set the dividers to reach the end… Measure the final distance and add the prior increments.

Slide 30 41º 36.2’N 41º 44.2’N 72º 04.4’W 71º 58.7’W 72º 06.5’W 41º 43.2’N

1. Estimate the course (at least to 0- 90, , etc). 2. Put a pencil or divider tip on one of the course points. 3. Bring the top edge of the plotter around so it goes between the two points. 4. Slide the plotter along the course line until the plotter bulls-eye is on a horizontal or vertical grid line. (Having the pencil or divider on one of the course points makes it easier to slide the plotter while keeping it aligned with the course line.) 5. Read your direction on the compass where it crosses the grid line. Look at the four possible course readings, pick the one that fits your estimate of the course. How to use the plotter. 0º-090º 090º-180º 270º-360º 180º-270º º 236º 146º 326º

Slide 32 Measure and label course and distance A to B B to C C to A from A, 085º from C, 164º C 347 D 7.2 C 080 D 5.7 C 206 D 9.0 C 085 C 164

Slide 33 Questions ? … Comments C 149M C 329M D 2.0 C 213M C 033M D 2.0 BEACH

Slide 34 Homework  Read Chapters 1 & 2 – Student Guide  Read Chapter 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5 – Weekend Navigator  Do Chapter 1 Homework  Next Class – 31 January (2 weeks)