ATM OCN 100 Summer 2002 1 ATM OCN 100 - Summer 2002 LECTURE 25 (con’t.) MID-LATITUDE WEATHER SYSTEMS: PART II: THE EXTRATROPICAL CYCLONE A. Introduction.

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ATM OCN 100 Summer ATM OCN Summer 2002 LECTURE 25 (con’t.) MID-LATITUDE WEATHER SYSTEMS: PART II: THE EXTRATROPICAL CYCLONE A. Introduction B. The Norwegian Model of Extratropical Cyclones C. Observed Weather Features surrounding Extratropical Cyclones D. Life Cycle of an Extratropical Cyclone

ATM OCN 100 Summer Announcements u Homework 7: –Has been posted at – –Will be due this afternoon NLT 4 PM (my mailbox) u Homeworks 1-6: –Have been graded and are available up front; please retrieve yours –Answer Keys are posted on the Web at: – u Final Exam: –Will be 2:45 PM on Fri. 21 Dec 2001 in Rm Grainger Hall –The exam help sheet has been posted at: –

MADISON’S CURRENT WEATHER Madison Weather at 1000 AM CDT 7 AUG 2002 Updated twice an hour at :05 and :25 Sky/Weather: MOSUNNY Temperature: 68 F (20 C) Dew Point: 57 F (13 C) Relative Humidity: 68% Wind: E3 MPH Barometer: 30.33S ( mb)

ATM OCN 100 Summer Last 24 hrs in Madison FOG

ATM OCN 100 Summer http://

6 CURRENT VISIBLE TS CRISTOBAL

ATM OCN 100 Summer CURRENT IR TS CRISTOBAL

ATM OCN 100 Summer Current Surface Weather Map with Isobars (“iso” = equal & “bar” = weight), Fronts and Radar

ATM OCN 100 Summer Current Surface Winds with Streamlines & Isotachs (“iso” = equal & “tach” = speed) L L H L L L H L H H LL H H L H H L H L H H L L

ATM OCN 100 Summer Current Temperatures ( ° F) & Isotherms (“iso” = equal +”therm” = temperature)

ATM OCN 100 Summer Current Temperatures ( o F) – 24 Hrs Ago

ATM OCN 100 Summer Current Dewpoints ( o F)

ATM OCN 100 Summer Current 34,000 ft. Winds & Jet Stream with Streamlines & Isotachs (“iso” = equal & “tach” = speed) Trough Trough Ridge

ATM OCN 100 Summer Tomorrow AM Forecast Map

ATM OCN 100 Summer Announcements u Homework #5 is Today (NLT 3:30 PM either in my mailbox or at my office) u 3 rd Hour Exam is scheduled for Tomorrow. See Review Sheet that has been posted at: u If you have ??, please see me.

ATM OCN 100 Summer Cold Front see Fig of Moran & Morgan (1997)

ATM OCN 100 Summer Cold Front (con’t.) see Fig of Moran & Morgan (1997)

ATM OCN 100 Summer Warm Front see Fig of Moran & Morgan (1997)

ATM OCN 100 Summer Warm Front (con’t.) see Fig of Moran & Morgan (1997)

ATM OCN 100 Summer Stationary Front see Fig of Moran & Morgan (1997)

ATM OCN 100 Summer Occluded Fronts see Figs & 11.8 of Moran & Morgan (1997)

ATM OCN 100 Summer ATM OCN 100 – Summer 2002 LECTURE 28 MID-LATITUDE WEATHER SYSTEMS: PART II: THE EXTRATROPICAL CYCLONE A. INTRODUCTION – Practical Problems F What is nature of mid-latitude storm systems? F How to predict midlatitude storm systems – Historical Perspective

ATM OCN 100 Summer Current Upper Air

ATM OCN 100 Summer Tomorrow’s 6 AM Forecast

ATM OCN 100 Summer B. THE NORWEGIAN or POLAR FRONT (WAVE CYCLONE) MODEL u Designation of Extratropical Cyclones u Distinguishing Features of a Mature Polar Front Cyclone

ATM OCN 100 Summer Distinguishing Features: Typical cyclone tracks Extratropical cyclones Tropical cyclones

ATM OCN 100 Summer B. THE NORWEGIAN or POLAR FRONT (WAVE CYCLONE) MODEL u Designation of Extratropical Cyclones u Distinguishing Features of a Mature Polar Front Cyclone: – Fronts; – Cold Air Vs. Warm Sector; – Comma-Shaped Cloud Patterns...

ATM OCN 100 Summer Distinguishing features of the POLAR FRONT CYCLONE MODEL FRONTS Cold air vs. Warm Sector

ATM OCN 100 Summer A comma shaped cloud pattern

ATM OCN 100 Summer Occluded Cyclone over British Isles

ATM OCN 100 Summer A Tropical cyclone with circular cloud bands & eye (Hurricane Mitch, 26 Oct 1998)

ATM OCN 100 Summer C. OBSERVED WEATHER FEATURES Surrounding the Model Cyclone u Fronts - (The signature) u Temperature Fields u Pressure Fields & Pressure Tendency Fields u Wind Fields u Cloud Fields u Precipitation & Other Significant “Weather” Events

ATM OCN 100 Summer C. OBSERVED WEATHER FEATURES see Fig of Moran & Morgan (1997)

ATM OCN 100 Summer Wind Field around a cyclone - Observed Surface Winds

ATM OCN 100 Summer Wind Field around a cyclone

ATM OCN 100 Summer Wind Field around a cyclone - Observed Surface Winds

ATM OCN 100 Summer Composite cyclone weather

ATM OCN 100 Summer Composite cyclone weather

ATM OCN 100 Summer

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50 Principal Storm Tracks see Fig of Moran & Morgan (1997)

ATM OCN 100 Summer Lee-slope Cyclogenesis See Fig.1 pg. 275, Moran & Morgan (1997)

ATM OCN 100 Summer E. MOVEMENTS OF EXTRATROPICAL WAVE CYCLONES (con’t.) u Principal Cyclone Tracks over North America u Time Sequences of Weather Events - Single Point Forecasting

ATM OCN 100 Summer Weather along Storm Tracks (A) Warm Side vs. (B) Cold side see Fig of Moran & Morgan (1997)

ATM OCN 100 Summer Weather on Warm Side Windy, warm & rainy in Madison

ATM OCN 100 Summer

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60 Weather Conditions around Extratropical Cyclone

ATM OCN 100 Summer Warm or South Side of Cyclone

ATM OCN 100 Summer Weather on Cold Side Development of a 5 inch snow storm in Madison (with temperatures in the teens)

ATM OCN 100 Summer

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ATM OCN 100 Summer Weather Conditions around Extratropical Cyclone

ATM OCN 100 Summer D. LIFE CYCLE OF AN EXTRATROPICAL WAVE CYCLONE “THE OCCLUSION PROCESS” u Storm Formation ( or cyclogenesis) u Early Developing Stage u Mature Stage u Occluding Stage u Occluded Stage

ATM OCN 100 Summer Life Cycle of an Extratropical Cyclone See Fig Moran & Morgan (1997)

ATM OCN 100 Summer Incipient Cyclone Stage in the Life Cycle of an Extratropical Cyclone See Fig. 11.9A Moran & Morgan (1997)

ATM OCN 100 Summer The Surface Low & the Jet

ATM OCN 100 Summer Linkage between surface weather systems & winds aloft See Fig Moran & Morgan (1997)

ATM OCN 100 Summer Wave Cyclone Stage in the Life Cycle of an Extratropical Cyclone See Fig. 11.9B Moran & Morgan (1997)

ATM OCN 100 Summer Occluding Stage in the Life Cycle of an Extratropical Cyclone See Fig. 11.9C Moran & Morgan (1997)

ATM OCN 100 Summer Bent-Back Occlusion Stage in the Life Cycle of an Extratropical Cyclone See Fig. 11.9D Moran & Morgan (1997)

ATM OCN 100 Summer DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS of A MATURE EXTRATROPICAL CYCLONE

ATM OCN 100 Summer E. OTHER FEATURES OF THE POLAR FRONT CYCLONE MODEL u Cyclone Families u Regions of Cyclogenesis – Lee-side of mountains – Along east coasts of continents u Energetics of Cyclogenesis - The Driving Force u Limitations & Complications of Polar Front Model

ATM OCN 100 Summer Cyclones along the Polar Front

ATM OCN 100 Summer Cyclone Families from TIROS

ATM OCN 100 Summer Occluded Cyclone over British Isles

ATM OCN 100 Summer F. MOVEMENTS OF EXTRATROPICAL WAVE CYCLONES u General Movements u Regions of Cyclogenesis – Lee-side of mountains – Along east coasts of continents u Principal Cyclone Tracks over North America

ATM OCN 100 Summer E. MOVEMENTS OF EXTRATROPICAL WAVE CYCLONES u General Movements –Steering winds aloft

ATM OCN 100 Summer Zonal Circulation Regime Figure Moran & Morgan (1997)

ATM OCN 100 Summer Meridional Circulation Regime Figure Moran & Morgan (1997)

ATM OCN 100 Summer Stagnant Circulation Regime with Cut-off Lows & Blocking Highs Figure Moran & Morgan (1997)

ATM OCN 100 Summer E. MOVEMENTS OF EXTRATROPICAL WAVE CYCLONES (con’t.) u General Movements u Regions of Cyclogenesis – Lee-side of mountains – Along east coasts of continents

ATM OCN 100 Summer Lee-slope Cyclogenesis See Fig.1 pg. 275, Moran & Morgan (1997)

ATM OCN 100 Summer E. MOVEMENTS OF EXTRATROPICAL WAVE CYCLONES (con’t.) u General Movements u Regions of Cyclogenesis – Lee-side of mountains – Along east coasts of continents u Principal Cyclone Tracks over North America

ATM OCN 100 Summer F. MOVEMENTS OF EXTRATROPICAL WAVE CYCLONES u General Movements u Principal Cyclone Tracks over North America

ATM OCN 100 Summer Storm Tracks see Fig of Moran & Morgan (1997)

ATM OCN 100 Summer E. MOVEMENTS OF EXTRATROPICAL WAVE CYCLONES (con’t.) u General Movements u Regions of Cyclogenesis u Principal Cyclone Tracks over North America u Time Sequences of Weather Events - Single Point Forecasting

ATM OCN 100 Summer E. MOVEMENTS OF EXTRATROPICAL WAVE CYCLONES (con’t.) u Principal Cyclone Tracks over North America u Time Sequences of Weather Events - Single Point Forecasting

ATM OCN 100 Summer Weather along Storm Tracks (A) Warm Side vs. (B) Cold side see Fig of Moran & Morgan (1997)

ATM OCN 100 Summer G. WINTER STORMS u Definitions u Winter Weather Conditions – Hazards of Winter Storms F HEAVY SNOW F ICE STORMS F STRONG WINDS – Ingredients of a Winter Storm F COLD AIR F MOISTURE F LIFT

ATM OCN 100 Summer See Figure Moran & Morgan (1997)

ATM OCN 100 Summer WINTER STORMS (con’t.) u Blizzards – Winter weather condition lasting 3 hours or more with: F Strong winds (35 mph or more); F Snow & blowing snow with visibility less than 1/4 mile.

ATM OCN 100 Summer WINTER STORMS (con’t.) u Public Information Dissemination & Public Safety Precautions – Blizzard warnings; – Winter storm watches & warnings; – Ice storm warnings; – High wind warnings; – Wind chill warnings.

ATM OCN 100 Summer Cross Section thru a cyclone

ATM OCN 100 Summer An extratropical cyclone