Alhambra’s Courtyards Source 3 Q Page 34 “Pairs of facing storerooms and private apartments each afforded a degree of privacy, overlook the courtyard. The internal allocation of spaces is ambiguous, allowing flexibility of use.” MJ

Alhambra’s Watercourse Source 3 P Page 35 Water is channeled from the symmetrical pavilions to the central water basins. MJ

Alhambra’s Lions Source 3 Q Page 35 “The stone lions supporting the alabaster basin are an ancient symbol of royal power and are earlier Romanesque origin.” MJ

Alhambra’s Water Basin Source 3 Q Page 35 “The central water basin is surrounded by 12 stone lions, each fitted with a water spout playing into the circular channel. The spray of water humidifies the dry air and creates the soothing and cooling effects of the moving water.” MJ

Alhambra’s Compositional Rhythms Source 3 S Page 35 These complex rhythms were made of tiles They were put into columns of one, two, or three Makes the small courtyard look more open and majestic MJ

Alhambra’s Muquarnas Source 3 S Page 35 They look like the honeycombs between arches and doorways They are a fundamental element of Islamic decorations MJ

Alhambra's Paradise Garden Source 3 P Page 35 The arrangement of plant life surrounding the fountain on 4 sides is a common representation of a garden from paradise. The Alhambra’s garden was originally plated with herbs and flowers. MJ

Alhambra’s Tracery Source 3 Q Page 35 “The fine tracery of the arcades is carved directly into the stucco applied to the vaulting. The ornate carving produces a raised, decorative design, vividly expressed in the Chiascuro effects created by bright sunlight.” MJ

Islamic Courtyards Source 3 P Page 34 Courtyards in palaces are an ancient Asian tradition. They allow light and gardens to the austere, fortified buildings. MJ

Islamic Decoration Source 3 S, Q Page 35 Very detailed geometric designs and motifs (repeated designs) They designs are “composed in panels, creating a unified field of decoration MJ

Origins Source 6 P Greek architects designed the first buildings in the Islamic Empire. This is why Islamic building look like Late Roman Empire buildings. Since they were now building mosques instead of churches, Greek architects were able to experiment with new styles. MJ

Important Mosques Source 6 Q “One of the earliest mosques is the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, from the 600s AD. It’s octagonal, like Hadrian’s Panthenon, instead of being cross-shaped like a Christian church. In the late 700s AD, the new Arab rulers of North Africa marked their new territory by building great mosques like the one at Kairouan (modern day Tunisia) and the one at Cordoba in Spain.” MJ

Baghdad’s Architecture Source 6 S Since the Abbasid Dynasty moved the capital to Baghdad, they needed lots of new mosques and buildings built there Baghdad was originally in the Sassanian Empire, so the buildings there were based off of Sassanian architecture Because of this, buildings in Baghdad looked very different from others in the empire MJ

Important Buildings Source 6 Q “As the empire broke down into a lot of smaller kingdoms, the ruler of each kingdom needed to show how important he was, so he built mosques and palaces in his own capital. The Fatimids, for example, built the Al-Azhar mosque in Cairo in the 900s AD.” MJ

The Last Palace Source 6 P The Ottoman sultan built the final important Islamic building before 1500 AD. He built the palace in Istanbul in the late 1400s MJ