Core 1

-the center of the Earth 2

Mantle 3

the middle of the Earth made up of molten (melted) rock 4

Crust 5

the surface layer of the Earth that includes the continents and oceans 6

Continental Drift 7

-the theory of how Earth’s continents move over its surface 8

Plate Tectonics 9

-the theory of how the continents move on giant crustal plates over the mantle of the Earth 10

Earthquake 11

-a sudden movement of the Earth’s crust 12

Landform 13

-a natural feature of the surface of the Earth that has a particular shape 14

Mountain 15

-a landform caused by the uplift of the Earth’s crust; created when two crustal plates press against each other; this landform can also be caused by volcanoes 16

Growth 17

-creation of new landforms (by crustal movements, harden lava flow and/or deposition of sediments) 18

Flow 19

-movement of material (such as lava, mud or water/ice) 20

Constructive Forces 21

-actions that build up or construct landforms 22

Destructive Forces 23

-actions that wear down or destroy landforms 24

Volcano 25

-an opening in the Earth’s crust through which lava, ash and gases flow 26

Magma 27

-the melted rock under Earth’s surface; magma flows in the mantle 28

Lava 29

-melted rock flowing on the surface of the Earth, usually from volcanoes 30

Weathering 31

-the process of breaking rock into soil, sand and other tiny pieces 32

Erosion 33

-the process of moving sediments from one place to another 34

Deposition 35

-the process of dropping (depositing) sediment in a new location 36

Beach 37

-gently sloping shore next to a body of water, washed by waves or tides, often covered by sand and pebbles. 38

Dune 39

-a mound, hill or ridge of wind- blown sand 40

Glacier 41

-a large river of ice that moves very slowly; will create a u shaped valley between mountains 42

Valley 43

-a low area between hills and mountains; v-shaped valleys are formed by rivers; u-shaped are formed by glaciers 44

Plain 45

-a nearly level area that has been eroded or where material has been deposited 46

Plateau 47

-a nearly level area that has been uplifted 48

Flood 49

-when water get higher than normal and flows onto dry land 50

Floodplain 51

-the land that gets covered by water from a stream or river during a flood 52

Canyon 53

-a long, narrow, deep valley with steep walls that is formed by running water cutting into the Earth 54

Meander 55

-a curve or loop in a river 56

Delta 57

-a fan shaped deposit at the mouth of a river 58

Groundcover 59

-small plants that grow on the forest floor or in a field (mosses, ferns and grasses) 60

Sediments 61

-pieces of rock or earth that have been broken down by weathering 62

Sedimentary Rock 63

-rock formed by the deposit of sediments that undergo pressure over time 64

Fossils 65

-a trace of a plant or animal from long ago (millions of years) that is embedded in the Earth’s crust. 66

Soil 67

-the top layer of the Earth’s surface that is made of rocks, minerals and plant material 68

Bedrock 69

-the rock layer that is under the soil 70

Topsoil 71

-the upper, dark soil where plants grow 72

Humus 73

-the decomposing remains of dead plants and animals 74

Natural Resources 75

-materials found in the environment that are not manmade 76

Renewable Resource 77

-a resource that CAN be replaced in a short amount of time examples: plants, animals, water, oxygen, soil, wind, ocean tides) 78

Nonrenewable Resources 79

-a resource that CANNOT be replaced in short time examples: oil, natural gas, coal, minerals, rock 80

Recycle 81

82 -to reprocess discarded material (aluminum cans, plastic, paper) to form new products

Fossil Fuels 83

84 materials formed from decayed remains of ancient plants and animals that are burned to produce heat; coal, oil, and natural gas