Chapter 6

 Subduction one  Tectonic Plate  Inner Core  Earthquake  Lithosphere  Divergent Boundary  Convergent Boundary  Transform Boundary  Pyroclastic Flow  Epicenter  Volcano  Lava  Pyroclastic Flow  Richter Scale

 Structure of the Earth Quiz – Study Guide  I. Label the diagram below: 

 I. Describe the formation of the Earth: About 4.6 billion years ago Earth formed when dust and debris from a supernova, came together, due to its own gravity, through the process of accretion. The impacts of this process and radioactive decay produced intense heat. This heat is still in the Earth and much of the Earth is still a molten(liquid ) rock.   II. Scientist Describe Inner and Outer Core: The Earth has a dense metallic core made of Iron and Nickel that sunk towards the center of the Earth because due to its density. The core is divided into an inner core and outer core. The inner core is solid due to intense pressure. The outer core is liquid and moves and flows. It is believed that the metals are charged (ionized) and these moving charges create a magnetic field around the Earth.   III. Describe the Mantle: The Earth’s thickest layer, it is made of hot rock (Magma) It moves like a thick paste. Convection currents in the magma create the motion of the Tectonic Plates.   IV. Describe the Crust: The crust is a thin layer, 7km – 70km. (5mi.-40mi.) thick of solid rock. This rock is mostly igneous rock. It is divided into two categories: Oceanic Crust and Continental Crust   V. Create a T-Chart illustrating the differences between Continental Crust and Oceanic Crust (include 2 differences)   Oceanic Crust| Continental Crust  Thinner| Thicker  Denser| Less Dense   VI. Describe the Lithosphere and the Asthenosphere: Scientists further classify parts of the interior of the Earth based on the physical state of the rock.   The Lithosphere is the SOLID portions of the upper mantle and the crust. Litho- means “stone”   The Asthenosphere is the hotter, softer layer of rock of the mantle that the tectonic plate plates  rest and move upon. Asthenes- which means “weak” rock. Its physical state is like hot  tar. 

 IV. Describe the Crust: The crust is a thin layer, 7km – 70km. (5mi.-40mi.) thick of solid rock. This rock is mostly igneous rock. It is divided into two categories: Oceanic Crust and Continental Crust   V. Create a T-Chart illustrating the differences between Continental Crust and Oceanic Crust (include 2 differences)   Oceanic Crust| Continental Crust  Thinner| Thicker  Denser| Less Dense   VI. Describe the Lithosphere and the Asthenosphere: Scientists further classify parts of the interior of the Earth based on the physical state of the rock.   The Lithosphere is the SOLID portions of the upper mantle and the crust. Litho- means “stone”   The Asthenosphere is the hotter, softer layer of rock of the mantle that the tectonic plate plates  rest and move upon. Asthenes- which means “weak” rock. Its physical state is like hot  tar. 

 Objective: Students will be able to describe the three pieces of evidence that Alfred Wegener used to support his theory of “Continental Drift”  Fossil Evidence  Fossils of Mesosaurus in both Western Africa and Easter South America  Climate Evidence  Evidence of Tropical Plants on Greenland  Glacial Scrap marks in South Africa  Geological  Same types of sedimentary rock in Scotland and North America

 Students will be able to identify one (real world) location on Earth that is an example of each type of boundary.  Divergent Boundary  Mid-Atlantic Ocean Ridge  Great Rift Valley in Africa  Convergent Boundaries  Mt. Everest – Himalayan Mts. – Indian Plate pushing into the Eurasian Plate  Subduction Zone – Pacific Plate pushing under the South American plate – creating a deep ocean trench, coastal mountains, and volcanoes  Transform Boundary  San Andreas Fault in California – the pacific plate moving southward and the North American Plate moving northward.

 Objective: Students will be able to describe the Earth’s Magnetic field and how it was used to prove the theory of plate tectonics.

 By studying rock samples taken from the Ocean floor on either side of the mid-Atlantic ridge, scientists were able to prove that rocks further from the ridge were older, and that the magnetic characteristics of the rocks match rocks on the other side.

 Objective: Students will be able to describe how scientists use earthquake Surface, primary (p) and secondary (s) waves to learn about the interior of the Earth.

 Objective – Students will be able to identify the landforms that are created during continental- continental boundaries, oceanic-oceanic boundaries, and oceanic-continental convergent boundaries.  Continental-continental –  Mountains - Mt. Everest  Oceanic-oceanic –  Deep ocean trenches – Mariana Trench and the island of Guam  Oceanic-continental –  Subduction Zone, Coastal Mountains, volcanoes, and deep ocean trenches – Andes Mountains and Volcanoes of Chile – and the South American Coast.

 Earthquakes produce three types of seismic waves. Each type moves through materials differently. In addition, the waves can reflect, or bounce, off boundaries between different layers, due to the different densities of these layers. The waves can also bend as they pass from one layer to another. Scientists have learned about the interior Earth layers by studying the paths and speeds of these waves.

 Objective: Students will be able to label the parts of a Volcano.  1. Crater  2. Lava  3. Cone  4. Magma Chamber  5. Vent  6. Dust, ash, & rock fragments