Related Issue 1 Should nation be the foundation of identity?

All the photos show people at parades that are celebrating and aspect of a group’s identity.

 Which parade would you most likely attend?  How are the people participating in these parades expressing their nationalist loyalty?  Can the same parade express both nationalist and non-nationalist loyalties?  Would you attend a parade that does not directly express a loyalty you embrace?  Would you attend a parade that expresses a loyalty that conflicts with your own?

 Loyalty  Being firmly committed or faithful to someone or something such as a cause, idea, value, nation, community, person or yourself  “allegiance”, “devotion” & “attachment”  What “loyalties” do you have? How do you show your commitment to these loyalties?

LOYALTYRANK

 Two good friends are running for the safe office on the school council and expect your support. How would you decide which friend to vote for?  Think about the young volunteers in Katimavik, who commit to spending 9 months helping people in communities across Canada. How might joining this organization test a person’s loyalties?

How many agree with the highway being renamed? Firefighters and a war veteran with a Canadian flag were among the people lining Highway 401 to honor Master Warrant Officer Mario Mercier and Master Corporal Christian Duchesne. These two soldiers were killed in Afghanistan in August At the public’s request, the stretch of highway between Trenton and Toronto, Ontario was renamed the Highway of Heroes. What aspect(s) of nationalism does renaming the highway represent? What aspect(s) of nationalism do the veteran and firefighters represent?

 Contending Loyalties  A struggle among competing loyalties where conflicts may be difficult to resolve  Can you think of an example of loyalties that would be contending?

 Pg Questions 1 & 2  Question 1  What are three words or phrases that describe the idea of contending loyalties?  Question 2  Give two examples of contending loyalties that could affect your life in the near future.

 Reclaiming Inuit Names  Names were changed when places were settled and are now changing them back  Photographs  Elders are trying to identify individuals in photos that were taken of Inuit's in the 1800s  Project Naming Project Naming

 Names  Many have reclaimed their Inuit names  In the past, they were given ID numbers to deal with the government  In 1969 the number system was abolished but the Inuit people were told they needed to pick a last name to go with their first name

 How important is a name?  How do you feel when someone mispronounces your name?  What is the difference between a number and a name?  What are some situations where people are referred to by a number?  How would you feel if you were referred to by a number instead of by a name?

 Read Pg. 68  1. How are the choices that Kiviaq made - and fought for – related to his Inuit identity?  2. For much of his life, Kiviaq had little contact with other Inuit. Does someone need to be immersed in a nation to be loyal to it?

 Cultural Pluralism  People from many nations living together in one country  Respect for cultural differences is required  Ethnic, linguistic and religious groups live together  Canada’s Cultural Pluralism = Multiculturalism  First country to adopt as official policy

Fans in Edmonton celebrate with the Chilean soccer team after their 1-0 victory over Portugal at the 2007 FIFA World Youth Championship. This tournament took place in Canada. Why do you think Canadians of Chilean heritage felt comfortable about displaying their loyalty to Chile in this way?

 How far should we go as a country to encourage and promote cultural difference?  Should Canada require immigrants to give up their previous nationalist loyalties when they become Canadian citizens?

 Reasonable Accommodation  A legal and constitutional concept that requires Canadian public institutions to adapt to the religious and cultural practices of minorities as long as those practices don’t violate others rights and freedoms ▪ EX: Baltej Singh Dhillon was the first RCMP officer to wear a turban and have a beard  Does this promote a sense of shared Canadian identity & belonging?

 In Quebec – 2007  Minority communities were concerned because Asmahan Mansour was not allowed to play soccer because she was wearing a hijab  Page 71 - Questions 1 & 3

 How can nationalist loyalties create conflict?  You may have more than one loyalty  EX: loyalty to your province and country

 Newfoundland, 1916  780 soldiers of the Newfoundland Regiment were ordered to advance in Beaumont – Hamel, France  Hundreds of them were wounded and killed  For them, this is a day of mourning.  But…it is also recognized as Canada Day.

 Example  Two peoples want to establish their nation on the same territory.  Israel and Palestine  What loyalties, if any, would you consider fighting for?

M.e. Cohen created this cartoon when Israeli and Palestinian leader met in Annapolis, Maryland to discuss peace in November How do you think the cartoonist feels about the chance for a successful end to the conflict over territory in Israel?

 *Remember from Previous Chapters*  When Canada was settled, Britain took over France’s colonies which created conflict between English and French peoples for year to come  By the 1950s, English was dominating in Quebec

 Population  1851 – most were Francophone and Quebec made up one third of Canada’s population ▪ This started to change when people moved to the United States during the 1850s  The government and Catholic Church encouraged Francophone’s to practice religion, have large families to increase the population and continue speaking the language

 Language & Economic Opportunity  Anglophones still dominated business, even though they were the minority  Francophone opportunities and wages increased as they learned to speak English

 The Quiet Revolution  During the 1960s and 1970s the government put social, political and social reform in place  Modernized education to include science and business  Improved social programs  Promoted Quebecois-owned business  Changed Quebec from rural, religion focused to a modern, urban, industrial and secular French Society

 Ready for Change  1976 – The elected Parti Quebecois wanted Quebec to separate from Canada  1977 – pass Bill 101 which made French the only official language ▪ It had to be used in all workplaces, courts and on public and commercial signs  Restricted access to English schooling  To many, Bill 101 expressed Quebec nationalism and promoted their distinct language and culture

 Bill 101 and Anglophones  This Bill took away bilingual rights  From around Anglophones left Quebec  Remaining Anglophones challenged these laws and they were changed so that people could use both languages in court, children educated elsewhere in English could continue with English instruction and as long as French predominates, English could also be used.

 Bill 101 and Francophones  Since 1977 the French population, as well as the number of families that speak French at home, has increased.  Some Francophones who have benefited economically from Bill 101 have become reluctant to separate for fear of threat to their successes.

 1995 Referendum for SeparationReferendum  The “NO” side won with 50.52% of the vote and Quebec remained a part of Canada  2006  58% said they would stay a part of Canada

 Sovereignists  Believe Quebec is a sovereign nation and should be politically independent of Canada  Federalists  Feel Quebecois cannot be separated from the Canadian identity and should remain a part of Canadian Confederation

 Page 76  1. In your own words, explain what the phrase “contending nationalism loyalties” means.  2. Give an example of contending nationalist loyalties. Describe how serious this conflict is – or could become.

 Reconciliation  Settling, resolving, reuniting  EXAMPLES ▪ Treaties, apologies, settlements

 The Oka Crisis  1990 a group of Mohawks set up a blockade to stop expansion onto “their” land  When police were ordered to break up the protest one officer was shot and killed  The conflict escalated and the army was called in to cut off protesters from the outside world

 The Oka Crisis continued…  Nearly all the protesters involved were found not guilty after facing charges  The Federal government transferred land ownership to the Mohawks but the whole event left bitterness between all involved.

 Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (1991)  Included 4 aboriginals and 3 non-aboriginals  Worked together to try and answer the question “What are the foundations of a fair and honorable relationship between us?”  Found the main policy direction was wrong  Proposed 4 principles to renew relationship ▪ Mutual recognition, respect, sharing & responsibility

 Statement from Canadian Government (1998)  Acknowledged Aboriginal peoples presence in Canada for thousands of years  Admitted past governments had damaged FNMI culture and traditions

 Stephen Harper’s Apology Stephen Harper’s Apology  What effects can a statement like this have?  Muffins for Granny

 Land Claims  An Aboriginal’s claim to the right to control the land where they traditionally lived  Has been one of the most intense conflicts  James Bay & Northern Quebec Agreement (1975)  Quebec government wanted to build a hydro project on Cree and Inuit land  This diverted rivers and flooded traditional hunting lands and communities

 June 29, 2007  Assembly of First Nations Organized  A National Day of Action was held to highlight various issues, including outstanding land claims

Event OR IssueHelp OR Hinder The Oka Crisis Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples The Government’s Statement of Reconciliation Land Claims

 Page 82  Questions 1 (a & b)