The Heresy of Apollinarianism: 1. Started around 350 by Apollinarius of Laodicea. 2. Reaction to Arianism. 3. Christ had no human spirit and no human mind; the Logos had replaced them. 4. Condemned at the Synod of Alexandria in 362 and declared an heresy by the Council of Constantinople in 381.

The Heresy of Macedonianism: 1. Started around 360 by Macedonius, the semi-Arian bishop of Constantinople. 2. The Holy Spirit is a created being, created by the Son and thus subordinate to the Father and Son. 3. Condemned by the Council of Constantinople in 381, which expanded the Nicene Creed to affirm belief in the third person of the Trinity.

The Heresy of Pelagianism: 1. Started around 380 by Pelagius. 2. Man is born essentially good and capable of doing what is necessary for salvation. 3. Original sin did not taint human nature. 4. Mortals are capable of choosing good or evil without divine aid. 5. Jesus set the good example for humanity. 6. Preached against by Jerome and Augustine. Condemned at Councils of Carthage (418) and Ephesus (431). 7. Today Mormonism is a form of Pelagianism in that it does not believe in fallen man.

Council of Constantinople (381): 2nd Ecumenical Council: 1. Called by Emperor Theodosius to affirm the deity of the Holy Spirit. 2. Some hostility to it in Western churches as it enacted a canon saying the Bishop of Constantinople should receive honor after the Bishop of Rome, as honor among equals (i.e. Patriarchs). The Western church’s position was that honor depended upon the church’s early relation to Peter. 3. Discussion of Trinitarian doctrine led to a focus on Christology, which ultimately prompted the Councils of Ephesus in 431 and Chalcedon in 451.

Augustine of Hippo ( ): 1. Distinguished professor of rhetoric in Milan, then Rome, who became a Manichaean catechumen. 2. Drawn to Christianity by reading The Life of Saint Antony; baptized in 387 by Ambrose and moved to North Africa. 3. Preached against Arianism, Donatism and Manichaeism; wrote The City of God. 4. Developed the Doctrine of Original Sin to refute Pelagianism: After the fall mankind is unable to not sin; man is dead in sin and every man was born a slave to sin. God must intervene; His Grace is irresistable and given to those predestined to receive it before the earth began. This concept of predestination was revived in the Protestant Reformation by John Calvin.

Ancestry of the Three Cappadocian Fathers: