Exam 1 A week from Tuesday (Tue 16 Oct) –6-8pm in Chemistry (not in Psych auditorium) –Meredith’s sections in 1400 Chemistry –Everyone else in 1800 Chemistry Will cover: –Lectures 1-9 (up to and including this Thu) –Textbook: Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7 –Articles: Kohler, Sacks, McCloskey, Kosslyn Review sheet is posted on coursetools (look under Resources)

Observer Perspective Another distortion in visuospatial processing People tend to subjectively stretch area around them and shrink other areas Report distance from familiar place to unfamiliar place to be longer than reverse E.g., Perspective from NYC

Visual Imagery

Lecture Outline Issues:(a) Perception vs. imagery (b) Depictive vs. propositional code (c) Compromise theory 1. Perception and imagery 1.1. Depictive and propositional codes 1.2. Imagery phenomena: scanning, zooming, transforming 2. Theory of mental imagery 2.1. Differences between imagery & perception 2.2. Compromise theory

Propositional vs. Depictive Propositional –The globe is on the desk –ON (GLOBE, DESK) Depictive

Propositional vs. Depictive Issue: Is the representation that underlies imagery propositional or depictive? Propositional: Depictive: George Washington has white hair wooden teeth has thin lips

Perform two tasks simultaneously, if they interfere then they must require the same mental system. Interference effects Auditory Detection Visual Detection Auditory imagery Visual imagery Interference (None)

Kosslyn: Image Scanning

Demand Characteristics? Perhaps subjects think you want them to act like they’re scanning an image, so they act that way –Subjects infer the experimenter’s implicit demands Or perhaps experimenters expect a certain set of results and this biases results But get similar results when experimenters and subjects told that theory predicts scanning short distances takes longer

Image Zooming Far Near

Mental Rotation

127° 90°45°Comparison

Mental Rotation: Results Rotation angle between figures Reaction Time 2-D (in plane)3-D (in depth)

Intermediate Rotations

Imagery isn’t just like perception Perception has metric qualities that images don’t Example: Bisected rectangle with diagonal lines

Metric Qualities of Perception 1" A B1 B2

Part-Whole Relationships Quickly glance at this Star of David then look away

Part-Whole Relationships Using imagery: Did it contain a parallelogram?

Part-Whole Relationships Using perception: Does it contain a parallelogram?

Part-Whole Relationships Using perception: Does it contain a parallelogram?

A Duck

Ambiguous Figures That figure was actually ambiguous Using imagery: What else could that figure have been?

Ambiguous Figures Using perception: What else could that figure be?

Compromise Theory (Kosslyn) 1 - Basic code is propositional (for long term storage) 2 - Propositional code used to create depictive image 3 - Depictive image can be scanned, zoomed, etc. George Washington has white hair wooden teeth has thin lips generate image

Visual Imagery and Cortex Ventral Dorsal Visual Cortex Dorsal Parietal Lobe Temporal Lobe

Memorize Grid Letters

Image Complexity

Ordered Image Construction

Imagery vs. Motor Control

Lecture Outline Issues:(a) Perception vs. imagery (b) Depictive vs. propositional code (c) Compromise theory 1. Perception and imagery 1.1. Depictive and propositional codes 1.2. Imagery phenomena: scanning, zooming, transforming 2. Theory of mental imagery 2.1. Differences between imagery & perception 2.2. Compromise theory

Next Time Working Memory Read pp in the textbook Read article by Baddeley