Recommended Dietary Allowances David L. Gee, PhD Central Washington University

RDA Facts National Academy of Sciences (NAS) –Food and Nutrition Board (FNB)(past) –Institute of Medicine (IOM)(current) Traditionally revised every 5 years (last traditional RDA:10th ed, 1989) First RDA’s formulated during WWII to adequately feed soldiers

RDA Uses USDA’s Thrifty Food Plan –Food Stamp Program School Lunch Program Institutional Food Services Women, Infant, & Children Food Supplementation Program (WIC)

RDA’s: What are they? allowances, not requirements –different age groups –males and females –pregnant and lactating women Traditionally for protein, 11 vitamins, 7 minerals –New RDA’s include CHO, FAT, exercise

RDA’s: How are they determined? Determine individual requirements of healthy people –Nutrient balance studies Measure intake and losses and nutrient markers

Figure 2-2 Nutrient Requirements Vary From Person To Person © 2002 Wadsworth Publishing / Thomson Learning™

RDA’s: How are they determined? Determination of allowance –Safety factor individual variations bioavailability of different foods –Iron –Protein –folate

Figure 2-2 Nutrient Requirements Vary From Person To Person © 2002 Wadsworth Publishing / Thomson Learning™

DRI’s: Updated version of the RDA’s Dietary Reference Intakes RDA’s: “levels of intake of essential nutrients... to be adequate to meet the known nutritional needs of practically all healthy persons.”

DRI’s differ from RDA’s Incorporates risk reduction for chronic diseases Includes essential and other food components (CHO, PRO, FAT, fiber, phytoestrogens, etc)

Components of DRI’s DRI Recommended Intakes –Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) well substantiated evidence –Adequate Intake (AI) less substantiated/controversial

Other components of DRI’s Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) –Useful for population studies Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) –Side effects/toxicity may occur if consumed above this level

Dietary Reference Intakes 1997: Bone nutrients –Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, fluoride 1998: B vitamins –B1, B2, B3, B6, B12, folate, pantothenate, biotin, choline 2000: Antioxidants –vitamin E, vitamin C, selenium, carotenoids 2001: Miscellaneous –vitamins A&K, iron, copper, zinc, etc : CHO, FAT, PRO, Fiber, Physical Activity

DRI for Calcium –released August 1997 Calcium AI’s 9-18 yr: 1300 mg/d –Old RDA: yr: 1000 mg/d –Old RDA: 800 > 50 yr: 1200 mg/d –RDA: 800

DRI’s for CHO, PRO, FAT, Fiber and Physical Activity: Controversy brewing? Sept Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range –AMDR CHO: 45-55% of Calories –2000 USDA Dietary guidelines 60% –2005 USDA Dietary Guidelines: not specified, choose fiber-rich fruits, vegetables, & whole grains often FAT: 20-35% –2000 USDA Dietary guidelines <30% –2005 USDA Dietary Guidelines 20-35% –Emphasis on unsaturated fat, less saturated fat PRO: 10-35% –Old RDA’s 0.8gP/kgBW (about same)

DRI’s for CHO, PRO, FAT, Fiber and Physical Activity Dietary Fiber:25g women, 38g men –2000 Dietary guidelines 25g/2000Cal –2005 DG: not specified Exercise –Moderately intense exercise accumulated for one hour every day –1996 Surgeon General’s Report: 30 minutes/day –2005 Dietary Guidelines > 30 min/day to reduce chronic disease risk ~ 60 min/day to manage weight min/day to sustain weight loss

DRIs for CHO, FAT, PRO, FIBER, & Physical Activity Sept Carbohydrates: 45-65% of Calories –Dietary Guidelines: >50-60% –DRI: < 25% from ‘added’ sugars Fat: 20-35% of Calories –Dietary Guidelines: <30% –Specific levels of essential fatty acids made Protein: 10-35% of Calories –Old RDA’s >0.8g/kgBW –Recommendations are similar

DRIs for CHO, FAT, PRO, FIBER, & Physical Activity Sept Fiber –First recommendations for RDA/DRI –Adults < 50 yrs: males 38g, females 25g –Adults >50: males 30g, females 21g –Past recommendations: 25-35g Physical Activity –First recommendations for RDA/DRI –“Maintain cardiovascular health at a maximum level” > 1 hr/day at moderately intense level

DRI for Calcium and Related Nutrients (Vit D, P, Mg, F) AI’s for Vitamin D 9-18 yrs: 5 ug/d (RDA: 10 ug/d) yrs: 5 ug/d (RDA: 5 ug/d) >51 yrs: 10 ug/d (RDA: 5 ug/d)

DRI’s for B-Vitamins Released April 1998 Similar for B1, B2, B3, B6 Folic Acid –adults: 400 ug/d ( ) –pregnancy: 600 ug/d (400)

DRI’s for B-Vitamins Vitamin B-12 –2.4 ug/d (2.0 ug/d) now includes –Pantothenic Acid –Biotin –Choline

FCSN 245 Upcoming Schedule Tuesday, April 15 –Turn in study group cards –Federal income taxes due  April Discussion Labs –Food Label Activity –Recording 3 day food record Tuesday, April 22 –Exam 1 –Chapters 2 (dietary guidelines, labels, RDA’s) & 4 (carbs)