Martin Luther, “Rejection of the Copernican Cosmology” June 4, 1539 “So it goes now. Whoever wants to be clever must agree with nothing that others esteem. He must do something of his own. This is what that fellow does who wishes to turn the whole of astronomy upside down. Even in these things that are thrown into disorder I believe the Holy Scriptures, for Joshua commanded the sun to stand still and not the earth [Joshua 10:12]

New Science and Religion Three major issues: Certain scientific theories and discoveries conflicted with Scripture. Certain scientific theories and discoveries conflicted with Scripture. Who resolves such disputes: religious authorities or natural philosophers? Who resolves such disputes: religious authorities or natural philosophers? New science’s apparent replacement of spiritually significant universe with purely material one. New science’s apparent replacement of spiritually significant universe with purely material one. Catholic Inquisition places Copernicus’s On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres on Index of Prohibited Books, 1616

Galileo Discusses the Relationship of Science to the Bible How does Galileo ask people to look beyond the Bible? How does Galileo ask people to look beyond the Bible? Why is Galileo more confidant in nature than the Bible? Why is Galileo more confidant in nature than the Bible? How does Galileo pull the conflict between religion and science together? How does Galileo pull the conflict between religion and science together?

Due to an endorsement of Copernican theory in 1632, (Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World) Galileo was called to the Roman Inquisition (1633) Due to an endorsement of Copernican theory in 1632, (Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World) Galileo was called to the Roman Inquisition (1633) Roman Catholic authorities condemn Galileo, 1633—under house arrest for last nine years of his life Roman Catholic authorities condemn Galileo, 1633—under house arrest for last nine years of his life Roman Catholic Church formally admits errors of biblical interpretation in Galileo’s case, 1992 Roman Catholic Church formally admits errors of biblical interpretation in Galileo’s case, 1992

Deism God as a kind of cosmic clockmaker who created a perfect universe that he does not have to intervene in God as a kind of cosmic clockmaker who created a perfect universe that he does not have to intervene in The belief, based solely on reason, in a God who created the universe and then abandoned it, assuming no control over life, exerting no influence on natural phenomena, and giving no supernatural revelation. Grew out of Newton’s natural law theories Grew out of Newton’s natural law theories

Rationalism The conviction that the laws of nature are fathomable by human reason The conviction that the laws of nature are fathomable by human reason Assumption and goal of the Enlightenment Assumption and goal of the Enlightenment

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Summary: Science vs. Religion To what extent did a real conflict between science and religion develop during the Scientific Revolution? To what extent did a real conflict between science and religion develop during the Scientific Revolution?

Attempts to Reconcile Reason and Faith Use the Internet to summarize the contributions of the following: Use the Internet to summarize the contributions of the following: Blaise Pascal Blaise Pascal Baruch Spinoza Baruch Spinoza David Hume David Hume

Blaise Pascal ( ) Pensees—Pascal’s Wager—better to believe in God than not to Pensees—Pascal’s Wager—better to believe in God than not to Gain more if God exists; lose nothing if God doesn’t Gain more if God exists; lose nothing if God doesn’t Determined to show that religion was not contrary to reason Determined to show that religion was not contrary to reason Invented a mechanical calculator Invented a mechanical calculator

Baruch Spinoza ( ) Jewish philosopher Jewish philosopher disagreed with Descartes’ separation of mind and matter disagreed with Descartes’ separation of mind and matter Did not believe God was separate from nature Did not believe God was separate from nature Pantheism (monoism)—God and nature are one Pantheism (monoism)—God and nature are one God does not rule the universe by providence God does not rule the universe by providence

David Hume Advocated questioning and examination Advocated questioning and examination Reason can only be backed by empiricism Reason can only be backed by empiricism Argued against the existence of miracles Argued against the existence of miracles

Francis Bacon Francis Bacon two books of divine revelation: the Bible and nature two books of divine revelation: the Bible and nature since both books share the same author, they must be compatible since both books share the same author, they must be compatible Economics: technological and economic innovation seen as part of a divine plan—man is to understand world and then put it into productive rational use Economics: technological and economic innovation seen as part of a divine plan—man is to understand world and then put it into productive rational use