Brainstorm…… Explain to the best of your ability what a “ genetic mutation ” means to you……. (use all of your prior knowledge of biology!)

Crouzon Syndrome genetic disorder, skull bones fuse, 1-25,000 are affected

More…..

And more….

Harlequin-type ichthyosis

Symptoms: Survival of about a month Skin is hard with thick scales Dehydration occurs quickly because the skin can not maintain water Body temperature problems Difficulty breathing due to skin restriction

VERY GRAPHIC…

Neurofibromatosis

The previous picture is of a 32 year old male named Huang who lives in China Aprox. 50 lb. tumor Genetic disease that effects the development and growth of nerve tissue Tumors may be removed but also very likely to return Huang has currently had 2 surgeries to remove his tumors

Tree Man – Human Papilloma Virus “Indonesia”

Dede after some treatment

Elastic Baby! Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (genetic disorder of connective tissue )

Genetic Mutations A change in the DNA of an organism

Mutations 1. Germ cell mutation – mutations in gametes (doesn’t affect organism) 2. Somatic mutations – mutation in an organisms body cells, i.e. can affect the organism ex: human skin cancer, leukemia 3. Lethal mutations – cause death often before birth (some may form phenotypes that are beneficial  natural selection)

Chromosomal Mutations (change in structure of chr. Or loss of entire chromosome 1. deletion: loss of piece of chr. (chr breakage) 2.inversion: chr. Segment breaks off and then reattaches in reverse orientation to the same chromosome 3. translocation: chr. Piece breaks off and reattaches to another non homologous chr. 4. nondisjunction: failure of chr. To separate from its homologue during meiosis (when this occurs 1 gamete lacks the chr. entirely

CHROMOSOMAL DELETION !

CHROMOSOMAL INVERSION *

CHROMOSOMAL TRANSLOCATION

NONDISJUNCTION *

Gene Mutations May involve large segments of DNA or a single nucleotide within a codon! point mutation: substitution, addition, or removal of a single nucleotide

Point mutation (substitution ) One nucleotide in a codon is replaced with a different nucleotide  resulting in a new codon

Sickle Cell Anemia (Point mutation ) Substitutes adenine for thymine in a single DNA codon Occurs in 1 in 500 African American in U.S Heterozygous  generally healthy

Symptoms of Sickle Cell Anemia *

INSERTION & DELETION Mutations tend to be more serious Remaining codons after are all incorrectly grouped resulting in FRAME SHIFT MUTATION!

Frameshift Mutation