UV Moderated by Ozone, Clouds and Aerosols Ozone Clouds Aerosols F c ~ F O3 (1 – R) Aerosols are still a major problem Clouds are moderately well understood

TOMS Aerosol Index TOMS Cloud Reflectivity

Ozone Distribution vs Latitude (1979 to 2001)

Simulation of UV and Visible Channel Views of the Same Smoke Event August 16, 2000 TOMS UV SeaWiFS Visible Note Impact on Air Quality in the southeast UV is reduced by the presence Of aerosols TOMS derived aerosols are visible over bright surfaces

0m 200m 20m Clouds Aerosols Ozone WIND Pure Ocean Water Absorption Quickenden & Irvin Pope & Fry Influence of UV on Ocean Productivity NOAA, NASA

Underwater 310 nm UV Irradiance at 5-meter Depth Compared to the UV Irradiance on the Ocean Surface January

UV and Skin Cancer (Scientific American)

4/100,000 High 1.5/100,000 Low Females Males Melanoma of the Skin Cancer Mortality Rates Data Source: NIH

Neisseria meningitidis (produces an endotoxin which causes the illness and is a gram positive diplococci), which has an incubation time of 2 to 10 days before symptoms are noted. African Meningitis Belt with 1999 Disease Incidence Numbers in boxes: 21,2 = 21,000 cases and 2000 deaths Clients WHO NIH

SeaWiFS - Visible TOMS - UV Dust Seen in UV and Visible From TOMS and SeaWiFS UV observations see the dust over all surfaces, while visible observations are best over the darker water. Dust is an indirect cause of meningitis outbreaks