QURANIC GRAMMAR AS-SARF “Morphology of the words” Lesson 20 Lessons from the book MABADE” ALA’RABIYAH – basics of Arabic Grammar RASHEED SHARTOONI Compiled by: Sheikh Safdar Razi Ali 1

The pronouns (DHAMAAER) There are two types of pronouns: Detached (MONFASILAH) أياك نعبد= منفصلة (You only we worship) Attached (MOTASILAH) نعبدك = متصلة (we worship you) The attached are divided into two types: Attached to the nouns (possessors) كتابك ,(your book) كتابي (my book) Attached to the verbs,  نعبدك , كتبوا (they wrote) Pronouns related to the verbs are further divided Grammatically into two types as well: Subject nouns: كتبوا (they)هم Object nouns: أياك نعبد, نعبدك

Detached Subject Pronoun The person Single dual plural 1st أَنَا I X نَحْنُ WE 2nd Male female أَنْتَ (m) أَنْتِ (f) YOU أَنْتُمَا YOU BOTH أَنْتُمْ (m) أَنْتُنْ )f( YOU ALL 3rd male هُوَ he هِيَ she هُمَا They both هُمْ(m) هُنْ (f) they all

Detached Object Pronoun The person Single dual plural 1st أِيَايَ أِيَانَا 2nd Male female أِيَاكَ أِيَاكِ أِيَاكُمَا أِيَاكُمْ أِيَاكُنْ 3rd male أِيَاهُ أِيَاهَا أِيَاهُمَا أِيَاهُمْ أِيَاهُنْ

Past tense +subject Pronoun (FAAE’L) The person ضرب Single dual plural 1st ضَرَبْتُ I hit ضَرَبْنَا Both of us hit We hit 2nd Male female ضَرَبْتَ ضَرَبْتِ You hit ضَرَبتُمَا Both of you hit ضَرَبْتُم ضَرَبْتُنّ All of you hit 3rd male ضَرَبَ He hit She hit ضَرَبَا ضَرَبْتَا They both hit ضَرَبُوا ضَرَبْنَ All of them hit

Present tense +subject Pronoun (FAAE’L) The person ضرب Single dual plural 1st أِضْرَبُ نَضْرِبُ 2nd Male female تَضْرِب تَضْرِبِيْن يَضْرِبَان تَضْرِبُون تَضْرِبِن 3rd male يَضْرِب تَضْرِبَان يَضْرِبُون يَضْرِبِن

Past tense+ object pronouns (MAFO’OOL BEHE) The person ضرب Single dual plural 1st ضَرَبْنِي He hit me ضَرَبْنَا He hit both of us ضَرَبِنَا He hit all of us 2nd Male female ضَرَبَكَ ضَرَبَكِ He hit you (m/F) ضَرَبُكُمَا He hit both of you ضَرَبَكُمْ ضَرَبَكُنَّ He hit all of you (m/f) 3rd male ضَرَبَهُ He hit Him ضَرَبُهَا He hit Her ضَرَبِهُمَا He hit Both of them ضَرَبَهُم ضَرَبَهُنّ He hit All of them

Imperative (command) +subject Pronoun The person ضرب Single dual plural 1st 2nd Male female ضْرِب ا ضْرِبِيْ ا ضْرِبَا ا ضْرِبُو ا ضْرِبِن ا 3rd male

Attached Pronouns + nouns (possessors) The person Single dual plural 1st كِتَابِي كِتَابَنَا 2nd Male female كِتَابَكَ كِتَابَكِ كِتَابَكُمَا كِتَابَكُمْ كِتَابَكُنْ 3rd male كِتَابَهُ كِتَابَهَا كِتَابَهُمَا كِتَابَهُمْ كِتَابَهُنّ

EMPHASIS AND NON-EMPHASIS A verb is emphasized when heavy nūn of emphasis is added to it, for example: ليَبتهحَنَّ or the light nūn of emphasis is added to it, for example:.ليَفرَحَن The nūn of emphasis is not added to the past tense at all. It is added to the imperative (AMR) form without any conditions.

Emphasis of demanding present tense It is added to the present tense only with the condition that indicates the future only. or if it is mentioned after a talab (demand) baleen (soft) or be’anf (vigorous ) , nahi (prohibition), imperative (command), tamani (wish), taraji (hope), aradh (offer), tahdhidh (imposing), for example: لا تيأسَنَّ من رحمةِالله . Or, if it is mentioned after an oath, For example: .و أبيکَ لأحفَظَنَّ عَهدَک

Conjugation of the all forms of verbs with nūn of emphasis The present tense: Regular: لا يَنصُرَنَّ ، لا أنصُرَنَّ ، لانَنصُرَنَّ لا تَنصُرَن Five verbs: لا يَنصُرُنَّ ، لا تَنصُرُن ، لايَنصُرانِّ،لا تَنصُرانِّ، لا تَنصُرِنَّ Feminine noon لاتَنصُرنانِّ ، لا يَنصُرنانِّ LAAM of Emphasis، لتَنصُرَنَّ The imperative form: اُنصُرَنَّ ، ، اُنصُرُنَّ ، اُنصُرِنَّ ، اُنصُرانِّ ،اُنصُرنانِّ

Demonstrative nouns (this, these, that, those) أسماء الإشارة Page 102 14

Relative nouns (the one who) الأسماء الموصولة

Verbs have implicit pronouns A clear pronoun is a pronoun that is written and spoken, for example: أنتَ . An implied pronoun is intended and not written or said, for example: اِفهَم In this example a ‘youأنت ’ is implied in the verb. In the present tense: A pronoun is implied with the singular third person pronoun, for example: ينطلق المسافرُ (when a sentence starts with a subject) It is implied with the singular masculine second person pronoun, for example:تَسألُ . It is implied with all first person pronouns, for example: .أسألُ In the past tense with the singular third person pronounانطَلَقَ In the command AMR with the singular masculine second person pronoun, for example:أسأل

Change in the doubled letter word Double-lettered verbs are changed because of idghām. This is obligatory if both of the like letters have vowel signs, for example: مَدَّ . If the first letter has a vowel sign and the second letter does not it is obligatory to write them separately if the sakūn is used to connect the verb to the nominative pronoun with a vowel sign, for example: مَدَدتُ . It is permissible to do idghām or to write the letters separately if it is a present tense verb in the SUKOON state or a verb in the imperative form for example: لم يَمُدَّ or .لم يَمدُد

Notes on attached pronouns When attaching to the pronoun, a triliteral hollow verb whose third root letter is a vowel letter, the second root letter will remain, for example: . قامت (QAAMAT) But, if the third root letter does not have a vowel sign the second root letter will be erased, for example: .صُمتُ (SUMTO) If a defective verb (ends with a vowel letter) is connected to the plural wāw or the second person yā’ its third root letter will be erased. In this case, if the second root letter has a fathah, for example: رَمَی , it will remain the same, for example: رَمَوا . If the second root letter has a dummah, for example: يَدعُو or a kasrah, for example: يَرمِي , it will be given a dummah with the wāw and a kasrah with the yā’, for example: يَدعُونَ The third root letter is also erased if it is an alif connected to the feminine tā’,for example: .رَمَت

Connection with the subject pronouns If a defective verb is connected to the dual alif or nā and the third root letter is an alif, it will be changed back to what it originally was, for example: رَمَينا . But, if it is a verb with four or more letters, the third root letter will be changed into a yā’, for example: .اِهتَدَيتُ