Energy – Where does it come from?

Objectives What is energy? What forms does it come in & how do we use it? Understand that ALL sources of energy have costs and benefits

Energy Resources Renewable Energy Nonrenewable Energy Hydroelectric Wind Solar Biofuels Hydrogen fuel cell Geothermal Nonrenewable Energy Oil Coal Natural gas Nuclear

What was the US’s principal energy source…

What is your guess? Fossil fuel power Wind / solar power Nuclear power Hydroelectric power Out of the energy sources above, which is used the most worldwide? Least? Guess what percentage each source contributes to the world’s energy supply. Create a graph.

What is Energy? Energy “The ability to do work”. Remember: The amount of energy in the universe is constant, but it flows in a one way path What are the 2 major laws??? - 1st and 2nd Law of thermodynamics What are the 6 major forms? - light, chemical, nuclear, mechanical, electrical, heat

What is energy used for? Manufacturing Transportation Heating Electricity

Can you make it work? What is causing the ball to light up? Where is the power coming from?

Can you light the lightbulb? Make a circuit = energy CIRCLE

What is electricity? The movement of electrons. Created by moving wires (electrons) through a magnetic field.

Energy is needed to make electricity Where does the supply of electrons come from? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HBu9LZa8Yrk Can you list the steps to create electricity?

Electricity Production Coal/oil/natural gas fired power plants Burn fossil fuel to make heat. Heat boils water to make steam. High pressured steam turns a turbine. Moving turbine spins a magnet within wires (generator). The magnet creates a flow of electrons = Electricity! Moving electrons sent through wires to houses, schools, etc.

What else turns a turbine?

What is a watt? 1 watt = energy to lift 100 g (or 1 Newton) in 1.0 seconds. It is a measure of energy over time Hold an apple or a 100 g mass next to a vertical meter stick, and lift it to the top of the meter stick in 1.0 second time. “How much power did it take to do this? – One watt.”

Other Units of Energy 1 calorie 1 Btu (British thermal unit) 1 Q (quad) = 1 quadrillion Btu (very large!) The U.S. uses ~ 1 quad of energy about every 3.7 days 1 kWh = one kilowatt of electricity over 1 hour http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/classactivities/EnergyAnalysisEIA.pdf

Can you make 2 observations regarding energy and electricity generation? Electrical generation is the largest end use of energy resources All energy sources can be used to make electricity

Net Energy Energy Quality Energy Efficiency http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AoGj_DHf6S0&feature=related Short video to start discussion: smart grids – but there’s no focus on the quality of energy Energy in = Energy Out But the quality is always lower

It takes energy to get energy Before it’s useful… Oil must be  Found Pumped Transported Refined burned

Net energy Total useful energy available from the resource over its lifetime minus the amount of energy used and wasted Example: 10 units of energy in oil in ground Use 8 units to find, extract, process, transport How much net energy available? 2 units

Energy Quality Second Law: In any energy conversion, you will end up with lower quality (less usable) energy than you started with. QUALITY = The measure of the energy’s ability to be used to produce mechanical or electrical energy Low temperature heat has the LOWEST quality You can’t cook with it, you can’t move anything with it, you can’t even heat with it Power plants are designed to release it into space

Energy Efficiency Amount of energy that gets converted to useful energy.

Light bulb or heat bulb?

How can changing a light bulb reduce greenhouse gases? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HPyClNtyFOs School house rock

What’s the difference?

Two sides to everything. Take old bulbs to Lowe’s or Home Depot! http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/translating-uncle-sam/stories/cfl-vs-incandescent-battle-of-the-bulb

If there’s no mercury inside the incandescent light bulb how does it contribute more mercury to the environment?

Example of the Laws of Conservation of Matter and Thermodynamics Matter Cycles, Energy Flows Global Warming Acid Rain Smog Burning Coal = CO2 + SO + H20 + Ash + (CxHxSxOx) Light + Noise + Heat Example of the Laws of Conservation of Matter and Thermodynamics

KWL Chart What you KNOW What you WANT to know What you LEARNED Greenhouse gasses put a hole in the ozone is a MYTH Polar ice caps are melting Pollutants can come from multiple activities How to save the polar bears? How bad is the situation really? What are the largest contributors to global warming? Weather refers to the conditions at a certain time and place but climate is the long-term average pattern of weather in a place In the next 100 years global temperature will increase 3-10 degrees Fahrenheit because of human activity, claims IPCC (Un Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) The United States have emitted more carbon dioxide than any other country The earth’s temperature is rising every century due to greenhouse gasses

KWL Chart What you KNOW What you WANT to know What you LEARNED Ice is melting and sea levels are rising Not all greenhouse gasses are bad The amount of heat always fluctuates but recently has been increasing How can we stop this? What’s the worst greenhouse gas? How fast are the ice caps melting? Can Santa survive? Can we reverse the cycle? Why is it consistently getting worse? Our uses of coal and oil are creating warmer climates for all Global warming will have greater impacts on natural resources and developing countries The poles are heating faster than the equator. Ozone depletion is not the cause of global warming despite the myth.

Greenhouse gasses and Global Warming What you KNOW What you WANT to know What you LEARNED An increase in greenhouse gasses cause global warming There’s controversy over what’s causing global warming Methane is added by cow farts What is the ozone layer? What are all the greenhouse gasses? Does global warming have anything to do with destroying the atmosphere? What produces the greenhouse gasses? Earth’s average temperature has risen about 1 degree F in the past 100 years and is projected to rise another 3-10 degrees F in the next 100 years Temperatures are rising creating more precipitation that lessens snow causing warm winters and lengthening growing seasons Global warming is caused by carbon dioxide, from burning coal, oil and gas. Methane from cows and rotting garbage and last chlorofluorocarbons. As global warming increases, ocean levels are rising. Water expands as it heats up or warms up. An agreement called the Kyoto Protocol has been enacted by many nations, but the US is not one of them The release of Carbon Dioxide into the atmosphere is a long term problem that affects every country in the world

Cartoon: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OqVyRa1iuMc Mini-FBL lesson We need the greenhouse effect! What would the Earth be like if we didn’t have greenhouse gases and the greenhouse effect? So what’s the problem? Cartoon: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OqVyRa1iuMc Mini-FBL lesson

What you should know about global warming… You have 15 minutes to… Read and summarize your information. Draw a PSA flyer or political cartoon. Boil the information down to 1-2 bullet points. Prepare your 30 sec – 1 min presentation

Presentations 30 sec – 1 min ONLY! 1 person talk, 1 person add bullet, 1 person walk around with picture

Climate change vs. Global warming Climate change - major changes in climate (temperature, rainfall, snow, or wind patterns) lasting for decades or longer. Global warming - average increase in temperatures near the Earth’s surface and in the lowest layer of the atmosphere. One form of climate change 1979 first link to greenhouse effect and temperature change

Global warming In specific terms, an increase of 1 or more Celsius degrees in a period of 100 – 200 years would be considered global warming.

Contributors to Global Warming

Example of the Laws of Conservation of Matter and Thermodynamics Matter Cycles, Energy Flows Global Warming Acid Rain Smog Burning Coal = CO2 + SO + H20 + Ash + (CxHxSxOx) Light + Noise + Heat Example of the Laws of Conservation of Matter and Thermodynamics

Byproducts of electrical generation Burning coal Air: Mercury, CO2, SO2, NO2, fly ash Water: thermal pollution, acid rain Ground: bottom ash http://www.ted.com/initiatives/aws/soccket.html

Simple Solutions… http://www.ted.com/initiatives/aws/soccket.html For every degree you turn down your thermostat (and leave it there) you save between 1 and 3 percent of your heating bill (not to be confused with your gas bill if you have a gas dryer, range and/or clothes dryer).

Do you have any vampires in your house?

What if I left my computer on every night… How much energy would it consume? Assume 14 hours In “sleep” mode, the computer draws 4 watts/hour How much would it cost the district per day? Per year? 1 kWh costs $0.15 What if all computers at the school were left on? Energy consumed? Cost to district? Around 200 computers at UDHS

Did you beat Mrs. Loch? You analyzed your (presumed) usage of electricity That energy is secondary Primary Energy Resources: The fossil fuels(oil, gas, and coal), nuclear energy, falling water, geothermal, and solar energy. Secondary Energy Resources: Energy sources, such as electricity, fuels from coal, (synthetic natural gas and synthetic gasoline), and alcohol fuels, that are derived from primary resources How does electricity lead to increased greenhouse gasses?

What processes involve the transfer of carbon? http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/business/2013/12/turning-the-dead-into-diamonds/

Carbon Cycle Drawing Make your own, UNIQUE, drawing of the carbon cycle (both land and ocean). Include the following: Photosynthesis, decomposition, respiration, combustion, diffusion, (LABEL ALL) Include yourself somewhere in the cycle Point out where humans interfere/alter the carbon cycle

How Fossil Fuels Are Formed

How Fossil Fuels Are Formed

Sources of electricity

http://www.ted.com/initiatives/aws/soccket.html

Matter cycles, energy flows An example of a chemical change – atoms are rearranged/bonds are broken. 60

What is our best immediate energy option? 1. Cut out unnecessary energy waste by improving energy efficiency 2. Transition to a renewable or solar age Sun, wind, flowing water, biomass, geothermal, hydrogen gas 3. Burn more coal & synthetic gas/liquids 4. Natural gas 5. Nuclear power Number 1 definitely. Numbers 2-5 are contested by many.

No matter what our decision… Ask: How much will be available in the next 15 years? the next 30 years? longterm? What is the source’s net energy yield? How much will it cost to develop, phase in, and use this energy resource? How will extracting, transporting, and using the energy resource affect the environment? Can this energy source help us sustain the earth? No matter what our decision… Ask:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1xPjES-sHwg&feature=related Very slow explanation of current & voltage. Nice analogy to water (river, lake) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k7Sz8oT8ou0 Cardboard generator constrxn (7:44)