IN THE NAME OF ALLAH

The Skull 2

Norma Verticalis

Superior aspect of the skull Sutures: -Coronal ↓Bregma -Sagittal -Lambdoid ↓Lambda Parietals: -parietal foramens -parietal eminences Frontal: Frontal eminences Occipital Norma Verticalis Superior aspect of the skull

Norma Verticalis

Calvaria Emissary foramen- small, inconsistent (not always present) foramina for passage of emissary veins Bregma- is the landmark formed by the intersection of the sagittal & coronal sutures Lambda-is the landmark formed by the intersection of the sagittal & lambdoid sutures Bregma Coronal suture Sagittal suture Emissary foramen Lambdoid suture Lambda

Infant Calvaria Anterior Fontanelle (soft spot) is the future site of the bregma By about 18 months- the surrounding bones fuse together and is no longer palpable Posterior Fontanelle is triangular and marks the future site of the lambda Fusion of surrounding bones occurs by about 6 months Anterior fontanelle Posterior Fontanelles- membranous gaps (soft spots) in skull that permit growth

Norma Occipitalis

Norma Occipitalis (Post. Aspect) Landmarks: -External occipital protuberance -Inion -Ext. occipital crest -Sup. & Inf. (Highest)Nuchal lines Sutures: -Sagital suture -Lambdoid suture *Lambda Bones: -Occipital -Parietals -Mastoid process Norma Occipitalis (Post. Aspect)

Norma Occipitalis

Norma frontalis

(Anterior aspect of the skull) Bones: Frontal -Zygomatic -Maxillae -Mandible -Nasal Regions (cavities): -Nasal -Orbit -Oral Norma Frontalis (Anterior aspect of the skull)

Norma Frontalis

Frontal Bone Squamous (flat) portion forms the skeleton of the forehead Fontal bone forms the roof of the orbit Nasion is an area where the frontal bone intersects with the nasal bones Glabella- smooth, slightly depressed area located just superior to the nasion Frontal Bone Frontal bone Nasion Glabella Squamous portion Glabella Nasion Orbital portion

Frontal Bone Supraorbital margin- marks the boundary between the squamous and orbital portions Supraorbital notch or foramen is for the passage of the supraorbital nerve and vessels A prominent ridge just superior to the supraorbital margin is the superciliary arch (more pronounced in males) Zygomatic process of the frontal bone articulates with the zygomatic bone Supraorbital notch Superciliary arch Zygomatic process Supraorbital margin

Zygomatic Bones Cheek bones Forms a portion of the lateral wall of the orbit Frontal Process of the zygomatic bone articulates with the frontal bone Temporal process of the zygomatic bone articulates with the temporal bone Zygomaticofacial foramen- small foramen for passage of the zygomaticofacial nerve Frontal process Temporal Zygomaticofacial foramen

Maxillae Forms the upper jaw Alveolar processes of the maxillae includes the sockets and supporting bone for the maxillary teeth Maxillae form the floor of the orbit Large infraorbital foramen for passage of the infraorbital nerve & vessels Surrounds most of the pear-shaped piriform aperture Infraorbital foramen Alveolar process Piriform aperture Maxilla

Maxillae Frontal processes of the maxillae articulates with the frontal bone Zygomatic processes of the maxillae articulates with the zygomatic bones Anterior nasal spine- sharp prominence at inferior aspect of the piriform aperture Intermaxillary suture- site where the two maxilla are united in the median plane frontal process Anterior nasal spine Intermaxillary suture Zygomatic

Seen within the piriform aperture are the scrolled middle nasal conchae (part of the ethmoid bone) & the inferior nasal conchae Vomer bone along with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone which together form the bony nasal septum can also be identified with the piriform aperture Vomer Middle & Inferior concha Perpendicular plate

Osteology of the Orbit Seven bones articulate to make each orbit: 1 2 3 4 5 7 medial lateral superior inferior Seven bones articulate to make each orbit: Frontal Zygomatic Maxillary Lacrimal Ethmoid Palatine Sphenoid 6

Orbit Sup. Orbital fissure Roof: -Orbital plate of the frontal bone -Lesser wing of the sphenoid Lateral wall: -Zygomatic -Sphenoid Orbit Inf. Orbital fissure Medial wall: Maxillae -Lacrimal -Ethmoid -Sphenoid Floor: -Maxilla -Zygomatic (Infraorbital groove & canal) -Palatine

Osteology of the Orbit Optic canal- transmits the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery Superior orbital fissure- transmits CN III, IV, V1 & VI Inferior orbital fissure & groove- transmits the infraorbital vessels & nerve Anterior & posterior ethmoidal foramina- transmits vessels & nerves with same name Inferior orbital fissure & groove Optic canal Superior fissure Ethmoidal foramina

Nasal cavity Roof: -Frontonasal -Ethmoidal -Sphenoidal Medial wall: Nasal septum: -Perpendicular plate of he ethmoid -Vomer Lateral wall: Irregular, conchae: -Superior -Middle -Inferior Nasal cavity Floor: -Palatine process of the maxilla -Horizontal plate of the palatine

Dr Namavar

Dr Namavar