ELAINE N. MARIEB EIGHTH EDITION 4 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Skin and Body Membranes

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 4.4

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings I. Introduction 1) Body membranes (including the skin): cover surfaces, line body cavities and form protective sheets 2) Two groups: a) Epithelial b) Connective

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings II. Membranes 1) Epithelial membranes: a) Contain an epithelial sheet, but it is combined with connective tissue forming a simple organ 2) Cutaneous: skin 3) Mucous: a) Lines all body cavities that open to the outside b) Many secrete mucous, but it is not required

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mucous Membranes Figure 4.1b

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 4) Serous: a) Line body cavities that are closed to the outside b) Occurs in pairs 1. Parietal: lines a specific portion of the wall of a ventral cavity 2. Visceral: covers the outside of the organ c) Serous fluid: thin clear fluid separating layers reducing friction

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Serous Membranes Figure 4.1c

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings d) Peritoneum: serosa in the abdominal cavity

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 5) Connective membranes: a) Synovial membranes: 1. lack epithelial cells 2. Line the fibrous capsules surrounding joints 3. Secrete synovial fluid, providing a smooth surface b) Bursae: small sacs of connective tissue c) Tendon sheaths: tube-like structures around the tendons

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Membrane Figure 4.2

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings III. Integumentary System 1) Includes the skin and its derivatives 2) Basic functions: a) Insulation b) Cushions c) Protects from 1. Thermal, Chemical & mechanical damage

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 2. UV light 3. Bacteria d) Prevents water loss e) Regulates heat loss/retention f) Excretes small amounts of material g) Manufactures proteins h) Synthesizes Vitamin D

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 3) Skin layers a) Consists of 2 layers of tissue: b) Hypodermis: Not actually a skin layer 4) Epidermis: a) Consists of 5 strata (zones b) It is avascular and receives nutrients from the dermis by diffusion c) Keratinocytes (most cells of epidermis): cells producing keratin

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings d) Layers 1. S. Basale (germinativum): Area of cell division 2. S. spinosum & s. Granulosum: flatten and fill with keratin 3. S. lucidum: outer layer of dead cells, not in all areas of skin 4. S. corneum: outermost layers of cells

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skin Structure Figure 4.3

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings e) Every days the epidermis is completely replaced 5) Melanin: a) Skin pigment (yellow, brown and black) b) Melanocytes: cells producing the melanin, found in the s. basale

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings c) Skin color is caused by: 1. amount and kind of melanin 2. amount of carotene 3. amount of oxygen rich hemoglobin 4. UV light 6) Tanning & Freckles are caused by increase melanin deposits 7) Dermis: a) Papillary layer VS Reticular layer b) Fingerprints: caused by ridges and oil

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings IV. Skin Derivatives 1) All arise from the epidermis 2) Sebaceous glands VS Sudoriferous 3) Hair: a) Human hair has lost most of its usefulness b) The bulk of the hair is dead and mostly protein c) Arrector pili: muscle connecting to the hair follicle, when they contract they cause “goose bumps”

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Appendages of the Skin Figure 4.7c

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 5) Nails: a) Scalelike modification of the epidermis b) Pink color is due to the blood supply under the nails

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings VI. Disorders:

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1) Burns a) most common skin injury causing the death of cells due to exposure to heat, electricity, UV radiation and chemicals b) When severe, they can be life threatening because of fluid loss and bacteria infection c) Rule of nine: way to divide the body into segments to determine damage of burns

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Rule of Nines Body is divided into 11 areas for quick estimation  Each area represents about 9% Figure 4.11a

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings d) Classes 1 st degree: only epidermis is damaged, becomes red and swollen, temporary discomfort 2 nd degree: epidermis and upper dermis damage, red, painful and blistered 3 rd degree: destroys the entire thickness of skin, appears blanched or blackened, usually not painful, no regeneration

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2) Skin cancer: a) Most common type of cancer (1 in 5 Americans) b) Risk factors include: exposure to UV light, frequent irritation by infections, chemicals or trauma c) Basal cell carcinoma: Least malignant and most common, appear as shiny domed shaped nodules that develop a central ulcer with a pearly beaded edge

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d) Squamous cell: lesion appears as a scaly, reddened elevation, forms a shallow ulcer with a firm raised border e) Malignant melanoma: cancer of melanocytes, 5% of skin cancers, appears as a spreading brown to black patch, 50% survival f) ABCD rule for recognizing melanoma

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skin Homeostatic Imbalances A: Asymmetry B) Border irregularity C) Color D) Diameter