© Laying the Foundation TM 2007 AP ® and Pre-AP ® are registered trademarks of the College Board. Biochemistry Introduction of Macromolecules

© Laying the Foundation TM 2007 AP ® and Pre-AP ® are registered trademarks of the College Board. Biochemistry Biochemistry is the study of chemical reactions in living systems. Biomolecules are organic compounds, meaning they are based on carbon chemistry. Remember that carbon is unique in that it can form 4 covalent bonds; thus it is able to form long, complex chains of atoms.

Organic Substances Organic substances, macromolecules, or biomolecules make up all living things. The four groups of substances are carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids

Organic Substances Polymers monomers Polymers are formed from the linking together of many similar monomers. dehydration synthesis Monomers are joined through a process known as dehydration synthesis, the removal of water. monomer + monomer polymer + H 2 O

Organic Substances Hydrolysis Hydrolysis is the breaking of the bonds between monomers in a polymer by adding water. This process is necessary in digestion so that molecules can be small enough to be absorbed and transported into the cell. polymer + H 2 O monomer + monomer

Organic Substances StructureSubunitTypesRolesExamples Identification Carbohydrate Lipids Protein Nucleic Acid

1). Carbohydrates- made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen usually in ratio of 1 : 2 : 1 (Pasta, Bread) The main source of energy for living things. Carbohydrates are STARCHES. Your body breaks down starches to make sugars that it can use for energy. This sugar is called glucose. C 6 H 12 O 6

Carbon ring C 6 H 12 O 6 Carbohydrate

Carbon ring C 6 H 12 O 6 C 6 H 12 O 6 Fuel for Fuel for Respiration Respiration MonosaccharidEs-A single sugar molecule

Carbon ring C 6 H 12 O 6 Polysaccharides

Carbon ring C 6 H 12 O 6 Polysaccharides A storage molecule found in animals. Animals store sugars in the form of glycogen in the liver for later use.

Carbon ring C 6 H 12 O 6 Chemical Tests Benedict’s reagent is used to test for simple sugars (mono- saccharides) like glucose and fructose. When heated, Benedict’s reagent changes color from light blue to red/orange if a simple sugar is present Iodine solution is used to test for the presence of polysaccharides (starch). If starch is present, a color change from amber to purple/black occurs. StarchNo starch

Organic Substances StructureSubunitTypesRolesExamples Identification Carbohydrate Monosaccharides Lipids Protein Nucleic Acid Monosaccharides Polysaccharides Quick Energy Delayed energy Cell components Glucose Fructose Cellulose Glycogen Starch Benedict’s Reagent Iodine

A central carbon atom Is bonded to: Amino group Hydrogen atom Carboxyl group R group (varies) Proteins Proteins are macromolecules comprised of chains of amino acids.

4). Proteins– contain Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen atoms. Polymers of amino acids a). Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids (building blocks of proteins) b). Found in meat, eggs, chicken

Function of proteins: a). Controls the rate of reactions b.) regulate cell processes c.) form bones and muscles d.) fight diseases e.) transports materials into or out of cells

Proteins A central carbon atom Is bonded to: Amino group Hydrogen atom Carboxyl group R group (varies) Amino Group Carboyxl Group R Group

A central carbon atom Is bonded to: Amino group Hydrogen atom Carboxyl group R group (varies) Chemical Tests Biuret reagent is used to test for the presence of protein. When protein is present, biuret reagent changes from light blue to purple

Organic Substances StructureSubunitTypesRolesExamples Identification Carbohydrate Lipids Protein Amino acids Nucleic Acid Many types Biuret’s Reagent Meats Hormones Muscle Hair Nails Enzymes Blood Cells catalysts transport movement protection immune growth

Glycerol + Fatty Acid tails Lipids Made mostly of C and H, some O. Lipids are insoluble in water(they do not dissolve). Lipids include phospholipids, and fats (AKA triglycerides).

Lipids– fats, oils, and waxes Long-term energy storage Some are chemical messengers (ie. Steroids) Ex.) oils on your skin keep you from soaking up water in the tub.

Glycerol + Fatty Acid tails Lipids GlycerolFatty Acid tails

What do these all have in common? A B C D E F

Saturated Animal fats Solid at room temp Lacks double bond in Carbon chain Unsaturated Plant fats Remain liquid at room temp. Has a double bond in Carbon chain Lipids

LIPIDS “PHOSPHO”LIPID

LIPIDS Major Food Sources of Trans Fat for American Adults

Tests for Lipids Sudan III is a chemical test for the presence of lipids. If lipids are present, this indicator will turn orange-pink. + Brown paper may also be used to test for the presence of lipids. Lipids soak into the paper, causing it to have a translucent appearance. + -

Organic Substances StructureSubunitTypesRolesExamples Identification Carbohydrate Lipids Protein Nucleic Acid Cholesterol Phospholipids Fats: Saturated Unsaturated Stored energy Insulation Cell Components Fats Oils Waxes Sudan III Brown paper Glycerol + Fatty acids

NUCLEIC ACIDS

Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic information

NUCLEIC ACIDS Nucleic acids are the only macromolecules with the unique ability to REPRODUCE themselves and carry the code that directs all of the cell’s activities.

The subunits (monomers, building blocks) of nucleic acids are called NUCLEIC ACIDS NUCLEOTIDES. nitrogen base phosphate sugar (Pentose- 5 Carbon)

NUCLEIC ACIDS The pentose (5 carbon) sugar in a nucleotide is either ribose (RNA) or deoxyribose (DNA).

NUCLEIC ACIDS PHOSPHATE GROUP

NUCLEIC ACIDS The NITROGEN BASES fit into 2 families: 5 membered ring attached to a pyrimadine ring. ADENINE (A) & GUANINE (G) 6 membered rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms. CYTOSINE (C) THYMINE (T) – DNA URACIL (U) - RNA

NUCLEIC ACIDS ATP ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE An individual nucleotide that functions in energy transfer (acts like a battery) in the cell. adenine ribose triphosphate

NUCLEIC ACIDS Polynucleotides: DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid is made up of 2 polynucleotide chains twisted around a central axis. The nitrogen bases that make up DNA are A, G, C, and T. RNA – Ribonucleic Acid is a single stranded chain made up of the nitrogen bases A, G, C, and U.

Organic Substances StructureSubunitTypesRolesExamples Identification Carbohydrate Lipids Protein Nucleic Acid Direct cell processes Protein Synthesis Cellular energy DNA RNA ATP None DNA RNA ATP Nucleotides

CARBOHYDRATES

Lipids

Protein

Nucleic Acid

Who wants to be a biochemist? (Practice) Protein

Who wants to be a biochemist? Carbohydrate

Who wants to be a biochemist? Lipids

Who wants to be a biochemist? Carbohydrates and Lipids

Who wants to be a biochemist? Nucleic Acid

Who wants to be a biochemist? Protein and Lipids

Who wants to be a biochemist? Carbohydrate

Who wants to be a biochemist? Protein and Lipid

Who wants to be a biochemist? Lipids, protein and carbohydrates

Who wants to be a biochemist? Carbohydrate, protein and lipids

Who wants to be a biochemist? Carbohydrate

Who wants to be a biochemist? Protein and Lipids

Who wants to be a biochemist? Protein

Who wants to be a biochemist? Carbohydrates and Lipid