Significant seasonal and event- driven changes of carbon and nutrient fluxes to first-order streams of an Amazon forest Mark S. Johnson, Johannes Lehmann,

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Presentation transcript:

Significant seasonal and event- driven changes of carbon and nutrient fluxes to first-order streams of an Amazon forest Mark S. Johnson, Johannes Lehmann, Evandro Carlos Selva, Eduardo Guimarães Couto, Mara Abdo, Erick C.M. Fernandes, Susan Riha Cornell University Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso

Why study tiny catchments? Clearly reflect land surface processes Important measurements for determining C balances and fluxes across interfaces Once you get a bit (~50 m) downstream, instream processes begin to strongly influence the aquatic picture

Site Description Four perennial headwater catchments Small streams originating as seeps (minas d’agua ou nacentes) Juruena, MT

Jun-03 Aug-03 Oct-03 Dec-03 Feb-04 Apr-04 Jun mm d -1 throughfall Site Description Four perennial headwater catchments Small streams originating as seeps (minas d’agua ou nacentes) Juruena, MT

Streamwater pH- Seasonal Dynamics As dry season progresses, streamflow pH rises. Hypothesis: High GPP during rainy- season leads to higher soil CO 2, and lower groundwater and stream water pH. n=4 watersheds 100 mm d -1

Electrical Conductivity- Seasonal Dynamics As dry season progresses, streamflow becomes more concentrated Streamflow becomes more dilute as rainy season progresses. n=4 watersheds

Carbon fluxes to forest floor For period presented, 23X more C fell as litter than as DOC in throughfall Selva et al., 2004 LBA poster 27.7-P for C in litterfall fractions

Mean ± SE, n=4 watersheds DOC concentrations in surface runoff (enchurrada) Litter build up during dry season leads to very large DOC values for surface runoff Throughfall- DOC followed a similar pattern DOC (mg L -1 )

Surface ponding- late in wet season

Rainfall-discharge-DOC flux relationship DOC flux Discharge Rainfall (mm d - 1 ) 01-Sep-0301-Nov-0301-Jan-0401-Mar-0401-May Discharge (x 10 3 L day -1 ) and DOC flux (g day -1 ) Rainfall (mm d -1 ) DOC stream export Discharge (vazão) High surface DOC concentrations during dry to wet transition leads to high DOC export Lower surface DOC concentrations during late rainy season leads to lower DOC export

Baseflow and storm flow DOC DOC (mg/L) BaseflowStorm flowRatio Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr

Baseflow and storm flow CPOC Intact leaves transported during baseflow Fragmented material transported during storm flow Evandro Selva et al., 2004, LBA poster 27.7-P

Rapid surface runoff, rapid stream response Overland flow present Percolation present at 10 cm 13:00 14:00 15:00 16: Rainfall (mm) per 5 minutes Discharge rainfall Discharge (L s -1 ) Time of Day, 28 April 2004

Storm dynamics- pH, DO, EC Storm water shows initial surficial contribution Then, increasing contribution of subsurface lateral flow  More anoxic  More acidic  More dilute Groundwater seeps  pH = 4.56  EC = 7 µS cm April 2004, Watershed 2 pH Dissolved Oxygen Electrical Conductivity

CO 2 (aq) ppm Lateral flow delivering CO 2 pulse 28 April 2004, Watershed 2 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 Discharge (L s -1 ) ) Discharge CO 2 (aq) CO 2 (aq) ppm Initial CO 2 decrease due to surface contributions Storm water pulse of free CO 2 flushed out of soil profile with interflow (rapid subsurface flow)

Terrestrial-aquatic organic C flux DOC 84.6% POC 12.1% CPOC 3.3% Jan - May 2004 Dissolved C exports are 5.5X solid C exports

Large losses of CO2 from emergent groundwater Forested Ultisol-Oxisol Southern Amazon, Juruena, MT N=30 (from 4 watersheds) Distance from spring (m) y= /( X) r=0.79 pCO 2 (ppm) Johnson et al. (unpublished data)

Terrestrial-aquatic C flux components Jan - May 2004 DOC 6.6% HCO3- C 15.7% CO2-C(aq) 10.5 % CO2-C outgas evasion 66.0% CPOC 0.3% POC 0.9% Solid Phase 1.2%

Conclusions Solid inputs >> dissolved inputs Gaseous outputs >> dissolved outputs >> solid outputs Aboveground DOC fluxes become more dilute over the course of the wet season  If soil DOC are in equilibrium, aboveground fluxes are important driver of variability within DOC system Nested temporal scales are an important feature of the terrestrial-aquatic interface

Agradecimentos LBA and organizing committee Rohden Indústria Lígnea Ltda. for site access and support (parabens pela sua certificação!) Jeff Richey, Alex Krusche and Paulo Nunes for conceptual and logistical support Benedito Silveira de Andrade and Elielton Anterio da Souza for field assistance Ao povo Brasileiro e Juruenense

Large losses of CO2 from emergent groundwater Forested Ultisol-Oxisol Southern Amazon, Juruena, MT N=30 (from 4 watersheds)