Memory  Short-Term Memory  activated memory that holds a few items briefly  look up a phone number, then quickly dial before the information is forgotten  Long-Term Memory  the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system  Memory Championships, pi, test your memorypi

Memory  Sensory Memory  the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system  Working Memory  focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information

A Simplified Memory Model External events Sensory memory Short-term memory Long-term memory Sensory input Attention to important or novel information Encoding Retrieving

Encoding  Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables  TUV ZOF GEK WAV  the more times practiced on Day 1, the fewer repetitions to relearn on Day 2  Spacing Effect  distributed practice yields better long- term retention than massed practice

Encoding Time in minutes taken to relearn list on day 2 Number of repetitions of list on day 1

Encoding: Serial Position Effect 12 Percent age of words recalled Position of word in list Serial Position Effect--tendency to recall best the last items in a list

What Do We Encode?  Semantic Encoding  encoding of meaning  including meaning of words  Acoustic Encoding  encoding of sound  especially sound of words  Visual Encoding  encoding of picture images

Encoding

 Hierarchies  complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories Encoding (automatic or effortful) Imagery (visual Encoding) Meaning (semantic Encoding) Organization ChunksHierarchies

Chunking…

Storage: Sensory Memory  Iconic Memory  a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli  a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more that a few tenths of a second  Tests of George Sperling Tests of George Sperling  Echoic Memory  momentary (3-4 sec) sensory memory of auditory stimuli

Storage: Short-Term Memory  Short-Term Memory  limited in duration and capacity  “magical” number 7+/-2 (Miller, 1956) Time in seconds between presentation of contestants and recall request (no rehearsal allowed) Percentage who recalled consonants

Storage: Long-Term Memory  How does storage work?  Karl Lashley (1950) – Searching for “engrams”  rats learn maze  lesion cortex  test memory  Synaptic changes – “The Brain” Clip“The Brain” Clip  Long-term Potentiation (LTP)  increase in synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation  Strong emotions make for stronger memories

Stress Hormones and Memory  Stress hormones aide memory  Hormone surge alert brain that something important has happened.  Physical or psychological pain, trauma create surge  Rat study – shot of hormones with a leg shock  Creates a very strong memory  Biological evidence for why emotional memories are stronger.

Stress Hormones and Memory  Stress hormones block and destroy memory  Prolonged stress corrodes neural connections  Memories can be blocked by stress hormones  Rats trying to find a hidden target  Public speaking

Storage: Long-Term Memory  Amnesia--the loss of memory  Retrograde Amnesia – mass forgetting of old information  Antrograde Amnesia – inability to form new memories  Oliver Sacks – “Jimmie” (earth from the moon example), H.M., Clive Wearing  Childhood Amnesia – Why? (3 min) Childhood Amnesia – Why?  Amnesiacs demonstrate 2 forms of memory…

Storage: Long-Term Memory  Amnesiacs  Deny having seen an article and then read it faster  Deny abilities to solve puzzle then complete it easily  Childhood Amnesia – must have implicit memory in tact  Explicit Memory (Declarative Memory)  memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare”  Episodic Memory – personally experienced events  Semantic Memory – facts, general knowledge  Implicit Memory (Non-declarative Memory)  retention independent of conscious recollection  Skills (procedural memory), classical-conditioned responses

Storage: Long-Term Memory Subsystems Types of long-term memories Explicit (declarative) With conscious recall Implicit (nondeclarative) Without conscious recall Facts-general knowledge (“semantic memory”) Personally experienced events (“episodic memory”) Skills-motor and cognitive Dispositions- classical and operant conditioning effects

Long-Term Memory  hippocampus--neural center in limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage  Processes explicit memories – then sent to multiple different regions. Hippocampus

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Storage: Long-Term Memory zCerebellum Process implicit memories