Impact of Urbanization Problems and Reforms

SWBAT:  Explain the impact of industrialization on the nature of work in America and the role of the labor movement in advocating for workers such as the development of the National Labor Union, Knights of Labor, American Federation of Labor, Haymarket Riot, Homestead Strike, and the Pullman Strike.  Evaluate the impact of political machines on the state and local level such as aid provided to immigrant communities, election corruption, and business influence over government through graft and kickbacks.  Examine the conflict over Civil Service Reform at the federal level in the context of the federal government’s laissez-faire policy of refusing to respond to the problems of industrialization.

Warm-up What impact did industrialization have on society?

Urban Growth: Which city had the greatest population increase? Why? 2.Which city had the largest population in 1900? Why? 3.What do most of these cities have in common? (hint…think geographic features)

Labor Force Distribution What changes occur between 1870 and 1900?

Activity: Observe the following photographs and identify the impacts industrialization on labor. While viewing each photograph think about the following: Activity: Observe the following photographs and identify the impacts industrialization on labor. While viewing each photograph think about the following: Who is doing the work? Who is doing the work? What are the hazards? What are the hazards? What type of work are they doing? Would they need training? (skilled vs. unskilled) What type of work are they doing? Would they need training? (skilled vs. unskilled) What was it like to live during this time period? What was it like to live during this time period?

Working Conditions

A group of miners pose for a picture…… feet underground!!!!! That is almost ½ of a mile! Every year approximately 200 miners per mine died

Child Labor

Growth of Cities and Living Conditions

NYC Tenement Apartment

NYC Tenement Building

5 cents a spot

You live here…

…while the person you work for lives here

NEXT STEP  Question: What problems were created by industrialization?  Prediction: What should be done to solve the problems created by industrialization?

What actually happens? LABOR MOVEMENT TAKES PLACE!!!

Labor Union/Labor Organizer Poster In groups you will use your books to research a labor union or labor organizer. In groups you will use your books to research a labor union or labor organizer. Record the actions and impact of this person or group Record the actions and impact of this person or group Include an illustration to support the information. Include an illustration to support the information. Mother Jones (328), Great Railroad Strike (329), Knights of Labor (329), Haymarket Riot (330), Pullman Strike (330), AFL (330) Mother Jones (328), Great Railroad Strike (329), Knights of Labor (329), Haymarket Riot (330), Pullman Strike (330), AFL (330)

The Labor Movement Term Impact Mother Jones (328) Helped miners organizer a union Great Railroad Strike (329) Showed the plight of RR workers, RR tracks burnt or torn apart, more strikes Knights of Labor (329) Worked for an 8 hr work day, increased pay, better conditions Haymarket Riot (330) Riot goes bad, labor unions seen as anti-government and anti-American Pullman Strike (330) President sends in army to break up the strike, $$$ lost in damages during riots American Federation of Labor “AFL” (330) Gained better pay, lower hours, better conditions 1. What methods were used by large corporations to prevent unions from forming? 2. Why did some people oppose labor unions? 3. How were female industrial workers treated differently than male industrial workers?

Skip labor slides

Labor Unrest: Where did most of the strikes take place? 2.Why Baltimore?

Management vs. Labor “Tools” of Management “Tools” of Labor  “scabs”  P. R. campaign  Pinkertons  lockout  blacklisting  yellow-dog contracts  court injunctions  open shop  boycotts  sympathy demonstrations  informational picketing  closed shops  organized strikes  “wildcat” strikes

Labor Union Organizer Mother Jones: Labor Union Organizer Mother Jones:  Mary Harris.  Organizer for the United Mine Workers.  Traveled throughout the US encouraging workers to join unions  One of the founding members of the I. W. W. in 1905.

Knights of Labor Organizer: Terence V. Powderly An injury to one is the concern of all!

Goals of the Knights of Labor  Eight-hour workday.  Workers’ cooperatives.  Worker-owned factories.  Abolition of child and prison labor.  Increased circulation of greenbacks.  Equal pay for men and women.  Safety codes in the workplace.  Prohibition of contract foreign labor.  Abolition of the National Bank.

The American Federation of Labor (AFL) Causes - founded by Samuel Gompers - made up of skilled workers who had belonged to national trade unions and needed a group to fight for their rights as workers Results - gained better working conditions - higher pay & shorter hours - favored the use of strikes AFL = leading union in the US

What does political cartoon mean?

THE GREAT RAILROAD STRIKE OF 1877 CAUSES The great Railroad Strike of 1877 began on July 16, when railroad workers for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad staged a spontaneous strike after yet another wage cut. Strikes spread to railroad depots throughout the country. The great Railroad Strike of 1877 began on July 16, when railroad workers for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad staged a spontaneous strike after yet another wage cut. Strikes spread to railroad depots throughout the country. RESULTS -Strike is put down by federal troops after 45 days -millions are lost in burnt railroad cars -unions organize more strikes -some Americans view labor disputes as un-American

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

Haymarket Square Chicago (1886 ) Haymarket Square Chicago (1886 )CAUSES = workers from McCormick Harvesting Machine Company struck for an 8 hour day However, the Knights of Labor (union) did not support their actions. = police came - four strikers killed and several wounded. = next day at a rally in Haymarket Square- anarchists spoke up against police & treatment of workers. = Thousands protest the killings and during the rally the police break up the meeting – an anarchist loosely connected to the K of L threw a bomb at police – killing 1 officer. In response the police spray the crowd with bullets. 6 more officers die, 10 workers die, 50 injured. Effect/Result : “Anarchist” labor organizers hanged. Anti-Labor feelings sweep the nation and membership in the Knights of Labor Union fell drastically!

Haymarket Riot

Pullman Strike (1894) CAUSES:  Owner George Pullman, hoped to prevent labor discontent, but he was not willing to grant high wages. Pullman housed his workers in a company town. Instead of living in tenements like other industrial workers of the day, Pullman workers lived in attractive company-owned houses, with indoor plumbing, gas, and sewers.  However, everything was owned by the corporation, including their housing and local store. The Pullman Company controlled every aspect of their lives, and practiced "debt slavery" Money owed was automatically deducted from workers' paychecks and frequently workers would never see their earnings at all. The workers children were responsible for the debt if the parents didn’t pay it off.  During the major economic downturn of the early 1890s, George Pullman cut wages without reducing the workers’ rent and other expenses. Discontented workers decided to stage a strike.

Pullman Strike continued: RESULTS The strike effectively shut down production in the Pullman factories and led to a lockout. The strike effectively shut down production in the Pullman factories and led to a lockout. The strike was eventually broken up by 12,000 U.S Army troops The strike was eventually broken up by 12,000 U.S Army troops President Grover Cleveland ordered the troops be sent in on the basis that the strike interfered with the delivery of U.S. Mail. President Grover Cleveland ordered the troops be sent in on the basis that the strike interfered with the delivery of U.S. Mail. Federal Judge in Chicago issued an injunction against the strikers ordering them to stop striking. Federal Judge in Chicago issued an injunction against the strikers ordering them to stop striking. By the end of the strike 13 strikers were killed and 57 were wounded. An estimated $80 million worth of property was damaged By the end of the strike 13 strikers were killed and 57 were wounded. An estimated $80 million worth of property was damaged

President Grover Cleveland If it takes the entire army and navy to deliver a postal card in Chicago, that card will be delivered!

1.Were the labor unions/labor organizers helpful in solving the problems of industrialization? 2. What actions has the government taken to solve the problems of industrialization? 3. Who or what is going to solve (or at least help) the problems of industrialization? Evaluation

The Laissez Faire Federal Govt.  From  Govt. did very little domestically.  The president appointed his friends and family to public office (spoils system)

Political Machines  Emerge as cities attempt to deal with the problem of rapid industrialization.  In major cities political machines provide services to immigrants in exchange for political or financial support.  Immigrants were given housing, food, and jobs for their votes. 4

William Marcy Tweed  Became head of New York City’s Tammany Hall in 1863  Tammany Hall was the powerful Democratic political machine  Between 1869 and 1873, the Tweed Ring pocketed as much as $200 million from the city in kickbacks and payoffs  m/index.cfm?guidAssetId=7748F50 A-4D9A-40AA-8276-D70DDD6029D2

Boss Tweed and the Gangs of NY

Narrative  You will take on the role of a laborer during the Industrial Era.  Describe what your life is like. Are you a recent immigrant or US citizen? What job do you hold. What conflicts/problems exist at this job?  What is your home life like? Do you have a family? What are your living conditions like?  How do you feel about living in the United States at this time?  Based on the current conditions, what predictions do you have for the future of America?