South Asia 3 Review of South Asia 2 Questions South Asia –Population Geography –Cities & Green Revolution –Bangladesh –Sri Lanka East Asia

THE REALM Five Regions India Pakistan Bangladesh Mountainous North Southern Islands See p. 410(11)/417(10)

National Emergency 1975 India enjoys decisive victory over Pakistan in 3 rd war over Kashmir…at a cost Economic crisis: deficit to finance war, rising energy prices, falling domestic output, strikes and mass civil disobedience National Emergency of 1975, suspending civil rights – “Reign of Terror” Forced sterilization of the poor as a means of birth control Advocacy of two-child families

'Simple answer for a healthy family: The second child should come after three years' During the National Emergency ( ), family planning posters encouraged no more than two child families. Unpalatable for the masses. This poster seems a lot more democratic in conveying the underlying message.

Green Revolution Development of higher yield, fast-growing varieties of rice and other cereals in developing countries –International research of 1960s –Focused on the food crises –Increased production per unit area via: Cultivars of rice and wheat: ‘miracle crops’ New irrigation systems Commercial fertilizer and mechanization

India’s Mega Cities 28% urban, village economy Mumbai (Bombay) million –Closest port to Europe - situation (Suez canal) Kolkata (Calcutta) million –500,000 homeless –Former British colonial capital –Adversely affected by partition Delhi (New and Old) million –British and Indian seat of government Chennai (Madras) – 6.4 million (Tamil)

MUMBAI KOLKATA DELHI Hindutva & Indian toponymy

No place like home…Mumbai

BANGLADESH Deltaic Low-lying Prone to flooding Sundarbans littoral forest mangrove Bengal tiger

Bangladesh East Pakistan, independent since 1971 Linguistic divide and genocide 85% Muslim, 12% Hindu 140 million Physiologic density = 3,800/sq mi Natural hazards –Cyclones, flooding

Development Issues Among world’s poorest and least developed states – 23% urban Subsistence agriculture: rice Arsenic in drinking water –Shallow wells Oxidizing pyrite Decomposing peat

THE MOUNTAINOUS NORTH

Sri Lanka Independent since million people (70% Buddhists) Plantation agriculture: –Tea, rubber, coconuts Colombo Plan South (majority of population) Aryan, Buddhist, Speak Sinhala (I-E) From North-west 500 BC North (~10% of the population) Dravidian (Tamil language) - Hindu British tea plantation migrant workers of C19

SINHALESE vs TAMILS Tamils demanded equal rights: -- Education -- Employment -- Land Ownership -- Language And Politics Insurgent State LTTE – Liberation Tigers Of Tamil Eelam Sri Lanka

Worst Human Disaster in Sri Lanka’s History Most powerful earthquake in 40 years Epicentre near Sumatra on Dec. 26, Causing giant tsunamis to crash ashore killing tens of thousands. Sri Lanka’s coast was devastated 40,000 dead and 2.5 million people displaced 1,600km from the epicentre, waves swept inland as far as 5 kilometers. Waves as high as six meters had crashed into coastal villages, sweeping away people, cars and even a train with 1700 passengers. It was the worst human disaster in Sri Lanka history.

Tamil Coast was more Exposed to Tsunami

Kalutara Beach, Sri Lanka