Stern - Introductory Plant Biology: 9th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Tissues Chapter 4 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission.

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Stern - Introductory Plant Biology: 9th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Tissues Chapter 4 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission Required for Reproduction or Display

Stern - Introductory Plant Biology: 9th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Outline Meristematic Tissues  Apical Meristems  Lateral Meristems  Intercalary Meristems Simple Tissues Complex Tissues

Stern - Introductory Plant Biology: 9th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Meristematic Tissues Meristems - Permanent regions of active cell division.  Apical Meristems - Found at the tips of roots and shoots. - Increase in length as the apical meristems produce new cells (primary growth).  Primary Meristems  Protoderm  Ground Meristem  Procambium

Stern - Introductory Plant Biology: 9th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Meristematic Tissues  Lateral Meristems - Produce tissues that increase the girth of roots and stems. - Secondary Growth  Vascular Cambium - Produces secondary tissues that function primarily in support and conduction.  Thin cylindrical cells.  Cork Cambium - Lies outside vascular cambium just inside the outer bark.

Stern - Introductory Plant Biology: 9th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Meristematic Tissues Grasses and related plants do not have vascular cambium or cork cambium, but do have apical meristems in the vicinity of the nodes.  Intercalary meristems - Develop at intervals along stems where they add to stem length.

Stern - Introductory Plant Biology: 9th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Tissues Produced By Meristems Simple Tissues  Parenchyma - Composed of parenchyma cells. Tend to have large vacuoles and many contain various secretions.  Aerenchyma - Parenchyma tissue with extensive connected air spaces.  Chlorenchyma - Parenchyma cells containing chloroplasts.

Stern - Introductory Plant Biology: 9th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Simple Tissues  Collenchyma - Contain living cytoplasm and may live an extended time. - Provide flexible support for organs.  Sclerenchyma - Cells with thick, tough, secondary walls, normally impregnated with lignin. - Sclerids - Stone Cells - Fibers - Contain Lumen

Stern - Introductory Plant Biology: 9th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Complex Tissues Complex tissues are made up of two or more cell types.  Xylem - Chief conducting tissue for water and minerals absorbed by the roots. - Vessels - Made of vessel elements.  Long tubes open at each end. - Tracheids - Tapered at the ends with pits that allow water passage between cells. - Rays - Lateral conduction.

Stern - Introductory Plant Biology: 9th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Complex Tissues  Phloem - Conducts dissolved food materials produced by photosynthesis throughout the plant. - Sieve Tube Members - Large, cylindrical  Sieve Plates - Porous region - Companion Cells - Narrow, tapered

Stern - Introductory Plant Biology: 9th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Complex Tissues  Epidermis- Outermost layer of cells. - One cell thick  Most secrete fatty substance, cutin, on the surface of the outer walls.  Forms cuticle. - Root epidermal cells produce root hairs. - Leaves have stomata bordered by pairs of guard cells.

Stern - Introductory Plant Biology: 9th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Complex Tissues  Periderm - Constitutes outer bark. - Primarily composed of cork cells.  Cytoplasm of corks cells secretes suberin into the walls. - Some parts of cork cambium form loosely arranged pockets of parenchyma cells that protrude through the surface of the periderm.  Lenticels

Stern - Introductory Plant Biology: 9th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Complex Tissues  Secretory Cells and Tissue - Secretory cells may function individually or as part of a secretory tissue.  Flower nectar  Citrus oils  Glandular hair mucilage  Latex

Stern - Introductory Plant Biology: 9th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Review Meristematic Tissues  Apical Meristems  Lateral Meristems  Intercalary Meristems Simple Tissues Complex Tissues

Stern - Introductory Plant Biology: 9th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission Required for Reproduction or Display