THE FIVE KINGDOMS http://www.specialedprep.net/MSAT%20SCIENCE/KingdomMonera.htm

Introduction to Bacteria 2 TYPES OF BACTERIA: Bacteria -Get food from an outside source Blue-green Bacteria AKA: Cyanobacteria -Make their own food http://www.specialedprep.net/MSAT%20SCIENCE/KingdomMonera.htm http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Dana/monera.html

Bacteria - small one celled monerans Bacteria like a warm, dark, and moist environment They are found almost everywhere: -water -air -soil -food -skin -inside the body -on most objects http://www.east-buc.k12.ia.us/Ins/00-01/HS/le1.GIF http://www.mctmnet.gov.om/committee/BACTERIA.GIF

Bacteria are classified by shape into 3 groups: 3 Shapes of Bacteria Bacteria are classified by shape into 3 groups: Spiral: spirilla rod-shaped: bacilli, bacillus Round: cocci http://www.east-buc.k12.ia.us/Ins/00-01/HS/le1.GIF

Bacillus anthracis – (bacillus) 3 Shapes of Bacteria Neisseria meningitidis (coccus) http://www.east-buc.k12.ia.us/Ins/00-01/HS/le1.GIF Leptospira interrogans – (spirilla)

Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Capsule Cell wall Ribosomes DNA Flagella Cilia Cytoplasm http://www.east-buc.k12.ia.us/Ins/00-01/HS/le1.GIF

7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Capsule keeps the cell from drying out and helps it stick to food or other cells

7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Cell wall Thick outer covering that maintains the overall shape of the bacterial cell

7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Ribosomes cell part where proteins are made Ribosomes give the cytoplasm of bacteria a granular appearance in electron micrographs

7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell DNA controls the Bacteria

7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Flagella a whip-like tail that some bacteria have for movement

Cilia 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell hollow hair-like structures made of protein allows bacteria to attach to other cells.

7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Cytoplasm clear jelly-like material that makes up most of the cell

Reproduction of Bacteria Binary Fission- the process of one organism dividing into two organisms Fission is a type of asexual reproduction Asexual reproduction- reproduction of a living thing from only one parent How?... The one main (circular) chromosome makes a copy of itself Then it divides into two www-raider.stjohns.k12.fl.us/.../ sv16.html

BINARY FISSION Bacteria dividing Completed Reproduction of Bacteria http://www.cellsalive.com/ecoli.htm http://www.cellsalive.com/cam2.htm Bacteria dividing Completed

Reproduction of Bacteria The time of reproduction depends on how desirable the conditions are Bacteria can rapidly reproduce themselves in warm, dark, and moist conditions Some can reproduce every 20 minutes (one bacteria could be an ancestor to one million bacteria in six hours) http://www.east-buc.k12.ia.us/Ins/00-01/HS/le1.GIF

Binary Fission Bacterial Cell & DNA Ring DNA replication Cell wall synthesis http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/bc/ahp/MBG/MBG3/CB.Binaryfission.GIF Cell separation

Bacteria Survival Endospore- a thick celled structure that forms inside the cell they are the major cause of food poisoning allows the bacteria to survive for many years they can withstand boiling, freezing, and extremely dry conditions it encloses all the nuclear materials and some cytoplasm

Endospore-the black section in the middle Bacteria Survival Bacillus subtilis Endospore-the black section in the middle highly resistant structures can withstand radiation, UV light, and boiling at 120oC for 15 minutes.

Bacteria Survival – Food sources parasites – bacteria that feed on living things saprophytes – use dead materials for food (exclusively) decomposers – get food from breaking down dead matter into simple chemicals important- because they send minerals and other materials back into the soil so other organisms can use them http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Dana/monera.html

Bacteria grow in the stomach of a cow to break down grass and hay Helpful Bacteria Decomposers help recycle nutrients into the soil for other organisms to grow Bacteria grow in the stomach of a cow to break down grass and hay Most are used to make antibiotics Some bacteria help make insulin Used to make industrial chemicals http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Dana/monera.html

E.coli on small intestines                                                                            1                                                                            1                                                                            1                                                                            1                                                                            1 Helpful Bacteria http://www.denniskunkel.com/PublicHtml/Edu-SearchResults.asp?Category=&ImageNumber=&Keyword3=&Keyword2=&Keyword1=bacteria&offset=60 E.coli on small intestines

Helpful Bacteria Used to treat sewage Organic waste is consumed by the bacteria, used as nutrients by the bacteria, and is no longer present to produce odors, sludge, pollution, or unsightly mess. foods like yogurt, cottage & Swiss cheese, sour cream, buttermilk are made from bacteria that grows in milk http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Dana/monera.html

NITROGEN FIXING BACTERIA Helpful Bacteria NITROGEN FIXING BACTERIA PRODUCE NITROGEN FOR PLANT TO USE – LEGUMES (BEAN PLANTS)

NITROGEN CYCLE

Harmful Bacteria some bacteria cause diseases Animals can pass diseases to humans Communicable Disease – Disease passed from one organism to another This can happen in several ways: Air Touching clothing, food, silverware, or toothbrush Drinking water that contains bacteria http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Dana/monera.html

                                                                           1                                                                            1                                                                            1                                                                            1                                                                            1 Harmful Bacteria http://www.denniskunkel.com/PublicHtml/Edu-SearchResults.asp?Category=&ImageNumber=&Keyword3=&Keyword2=&Keyword1=bacteria&offset=60 Human tooth with accumulation of bacterial plaque (smooth areas) and calcified tartar (rough areas)

3 ways to control bacteria: Controlling Bacteria 3 ways to control bacteria: 1) Canning- the process of sealing food in airtight cans or jars after killing bacteria endospores are killed during this process 2) Pasteurization- process of heating milk to kill harmful bacteria http://www.specialedprep.net/MSAT%20SCIENCE/KingdomMonera.htm 3) Dehydration- removing water from food Bacteria can’t grow when H2O is removed example: uncooked noodles & cold cereal

Controlling Bacteria Antiseptic vs. Disinfectants Antiseptic- chemicals that kill bacteria on living things means – “against infection” Examples: iodine, hydrogen peroxide, alcohol, soap, mouthwash Disinfectants- stronger chemicals that destroy bacteria on objects or nonliving things

BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA Autotrophs – make their own food through photosynthesis larger than most bacterial cells commonly grow on water and surfaces that stay wet…such as rivers, creeks and dams http://www.specialedprep.net/MSAT%20SCIENCE/KingdomMonera.htm Some live in salt water, snow, and acid water of hot springs food source for animals that live in the water

BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA can be toxic to humans and animals Blooms- occur when the bacteria multiplies in great numbers and form scum on the top of the water