O T T F F S S E __ What comes next?

O T T F F S S E __ It’s EASY if you know the PATTERN! (Just like Punnett Squares) NENE WOWO HREEHREE OUR OUR IVEIVE IXIX EVENEVEN IGHTIGHT 9 NINENINE

PROBABILITY & PUNNETT SQUARES 11-2

Go to Section: Tossing Coins If you toss a coin, what is the probability of getting heads? Tails? If you toss a coin 10 times, how many heads and how many tails would you expect to get? Working with a partner, have one person toss a coin ten times while the other person tallies the results on a sheet of paper. Then, switch tasks to produce a separate tally of the second set of 10 tosses. Section 11-2 Interest Grabber

Interest Grabber Answers 1.Assuming that you expect 5 heads and 5 tails in 10 tosses, how do the results of your tosses compare? How about the results of your partner’s tosses? How close was each set of results to what was expected? 2.Add your results to those of your partner to produce a total of 20 tosses. Assuming that you expect 10 heads and 10 tails in 20 tosses, how close are these results to what was expected? 3.If you compiled the results for the whole class, what results would you expect? 4.How do the expected results differ from the observed results? Results will vary, but should be close to 5 heads and 5 tails. The results for 20 tosses may be closer to the predicted 10 heads and 10 tails. The results for the entire class should be even closer to the number predicted by the rules of probability. The observed results are usually slightly different from the expected results.

It can be written as a: Fraction ____ Percent ____ Ratio ____ ____________________ is the __________ that a particular _________________ PROBABILITY 1/4 25% 1:3 likelihood event will occur

COIN FLIP There are 2 possible outcomes: HEADS TAILS The chance the coin will land on either one is: ____ ____ ____ Alleles segregate randomly just like a coin flip... So can use probability to predict outcomes of genetic crosses. 1/250%1:1

PROBABILITIES _____ outcomes ______ affect _________ones _____________works ______ in ___________ a ________ number of events. If last coin flip was heads… there is still a 50/50 chance the next flip will be heads too. The more flips... The closer results will be to the expected 50:50 average. PASTDON’T FUTURE Probability best predicting large

DOMINANT/RECESSIVE _____________ allele is represented by a ____________ letter. (usually the first letter of the trait) ____________ allele is represented by the SAME _________________ letter. EX: Tall = ______ Short =______ capital lower-case T t NOT S for short Dominant Recessive

HOMOZYGOUS HETEROZYGOUS When both alleles in the pair are the _______, the organism is _______________ or __________ EX: ____ or ___ When both alleles in the pair are _____________, the organism is _________________ or _____________ Ex: ____ HETEROZYGOUS HYBRID HOMOZYGOUS PURE SAME TT tt DIFFERENT Tt

PHENOTYPE/GENOTYPE The ________________ of an organism is its _____________ The ____________of an organism is its _____________ GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE genetic makeup appearance

MAKING A CROSS for only a __________ trait = ____________________ A Punnett square for a MONOHYBRID CROSS looks like this: MONOHYBRID CROSS ONE GENE

PUNNETT SQUARES are used to show possible offspring from a cross between 2 parents _______________ go at top and on left side Boxes show ____________ ___________________ T TtTt possible offspring combinations Parent alleles

1. ___________ what _________________ are 2. ________correct__________ square __________ 3. ______ possible_______________________ 4. ______ boxes with _____________________ 5. Determine ____________of_____________& ____________ STEPS FOR MAKING CROSSES Figure out parent alleles Choose Punnett size Put in parent gametes Fill in offspring combinations probabilities phenotypes genotypes

IN PEA PLANTS Tall is dominant over short TALL = ____ SHORT = ____ T t LET’S MAKE A CROSS! PURE TALL PURE SHORT X

PURE TALL parent What are the parent alleles? T T _________   T T HOMOZYGOUS What gametes can it make?

PURE SHORT parent What are the parent alleles? t t _________   t t HOMOZYGOUS What gametes can it make?

GENOTYPE _____ PHENOTYPE _______ _____ of the offspring ____ % ___/4 will be TT t t T tT tT t T tT t T tT t TALL ALL 100 4

HYBRID TALL parent What are the parent alleles? T t _________   T t HETEROZYGOUS What gametes can it make?

GENOTYPES ¼ = _____ ½ = _____ ¼ = _____ Tt T t T TT T T t T tT t t tt t PHENOTYPES ____ or ____% _________ ____ or ____% _________ TT 75 Tt tt 3/4 1/4 SHORT TALL 25

PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES for a MONOHYBRID CROSS Tall = ____ Round seeds = ___ Short = ____ Wrinkled seeds = ___ T t R r

Homozygous Tall parent = What gametes can it produce? What are the possible gametes?   T TT

PURE wrinkled parent = What gametes can it produce? What are the possible gametes?   rr rr

Heterozygous Round parent = What gametes can it produce? What are the possible gametes?   R r Rr

Hybrid Tall parent = What gametes can it produce? What are the possible gametes?   Tt T t

Exploring Mendelian Genetics

GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought ____________________________ the ________________________. = ________________________ Genes ________ the ______ for development, but how plan unfolds also _______ on ______________conditions. “Nature vs Nurture” ENVIRONMENT influences expression of genes provide plan depends environmental

GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought Some traits have ____________ allele __________ = ____________________ EX: blood type Allele choices ___ ___ ___ MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT A BO MORE than 2 choices

GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought Some traits are determined by ____________________________ = __________________ EX: human height. intelligence, skin & eye color POLYGENIC TRAIT MORE THAN ONE GENE

GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought Traits determined by ____________ _________ have _____ “___________” phenotypes There aren’t just SMART people and DUMB people…. there is a ________________ of intelligences in-between MORE than ONE gene many in-between whole range

GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought KINDS OF DOMINANCE ____________________ COMPLETE DOMINANCE INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE CO-DOMINANCE

COMPLETE DOMINANCE __________ allele _______ the ___________ one PATTERN ? ____________ allele ________ in a _____ratio in the ____ generation Dominant masks recessive Recessive returns 3:1 F2F2

INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE __________ expected _____ ratio in F 2 generation _____________ organisms with one dominant and one recessive allele show a _________ in-between trait BLENDED DON’T SEE 3:1 Heterozygous Image modified from:

CO-DOMINANCE _______ traits are expressed at ___________ (_____________________) in heterozygote A ________HORSE has ______________ hair and __________ hair side by side BOTH SAME TIME ROAN BOTH RED WHITE NO BLENDING

CO-DOMINANCE Both traits are expressed together (NO BLENDING) in heterozygote Persons with an A allele AND a B allele have blood type AB

Membrane proteins with _______ attached that help cells recognize self = ______________ GLYCOPROTEINS REMEMBER sugars

BLOOD TYPES have more than 2 allele choices = _________________________ The pattern of sugars that is attached is determined by genes Allele choices are: _____________ ABO MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT

BLOOD TYPES An A allele tells the cell to put “A” glycoproteins on its surface

BLOOD TYPES A B allele tells the cell to put a different “B” glycoprotein on its surface

BLOOD TYPES An O allele tells the cell NOT to put anything on the surface

A and B are CO-DOMINANT A cell with BOTH an A and a B allele has BOTH “A” and “B” glycoproteins on its surface

BLOOD TYPES & ALLELES GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE (BLOOD TYPE) AA AO BB BO OO AB A A B B O

B and O see A as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! Body images modified from: A and AB see A as “like me” DONOR BLOOD

A and O see B as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! Body images modified from: B and AB see B as “like me” DONOR BLOOD

Body images modified from: YOU DON’T HAVE ANYTHING I DON’T HAVE! ____ can donate to EVERY BLOOD TYPE = _____________________ Nothing on surface to recognize as “NOT SELF” UNIVERSAL DONOR O DONOR BLOOD

A, B, and O see AB as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! Body images modified from: Only AB sees AB as “like me” DONOR BLOOD

Body image modified from: ______ can RECEIVE FROM EVERY BLOOD TYPE = ________________________ UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT ABAB AB can only GIVE to AB BUT...

BLOOD TYPE FREQUENCY IN USA A40% B10% AB4% O46%

ABO SYSTEM is NOT THE ONLY ONE Rh + Rh -

MOM is _____ & BABY is ____ OTHER BLOOD TYPES ____________________ IF: Image modified from: MOM is _____ & BABY is _____ Rh + Rh - NO PROBLEMS

Can be a ___________ IF: Mom is _____ Baby is _____ Image modified from: 1 st baby OK but few baby cells entering mom’s bloodstream put mom’s immune system on alert for + cells. Next + baby, mom’s immune system can attack baby as it is growing Mom given shot after 1 st birth prevents this Rh+ PROBLEM Rh -

DIHYBRID CROSSES ( 2 traits)

Mendel also asked the question? Does the gene that determines if a seed is round or wrinkled have anything to do with the gene for seed shape? Must a seed that is yellow also be round?

MAKING A CROSS with ___________________= ____________________ A Punnett square for a DIHYBRID CROSS looks like this: DIHYBRID CROSS TWO gene traits

Section 11-3 Figure Independent Assortment in Peas

1. ___________ what _________________ are 2. ________correct__________ square __________ 3. ______ possible_______________________ 4. ______ boxes with _____________________ 5. Determine ____________of_____________& ____________ LET’S MAKE A DIHYBRID CROSS HOMOZYGOUS YELLOW ROUND rryy HOMOZYGOUS GREEN WRINKLED Figure out parent alleles Choose Punnett size Put in parent gametes Fill in offspring combinations probabilities phenotypes genotypes RRYY

LAW OF __________________________ the factors are distributed to gametes independently of other factors INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT Image modified from:

R R Y YR R Y Y HOMOZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE ? Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene ___________ ____________ _____________ _____________ R YR Y R YR Y R YR YR YR Y

r r y yr r y y HOMOZYGOUS WRINKLED GREEN PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE ? Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene ___________ ____________ _____________ _____________ r y r yr y r yr yr yr y

R r Y yR r Y y HETEROZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE ? Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene ___________ ____________ _____________ _____________ R YR Y r yr y r Yr YR yR y

ry RY 100% of offspring = _______ genotype _______________________ phenotype RrYy ROUND YELLOW RrYy RrYy RrYyRrYy RrYy RrYy

R r Y yR r Y yR r Y yR r Y y HETEROZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW MAKE ANOTHER CROSS X

POSSIBLE PARENT GAMETES? RYRY ryry rYrY RyRy

RYRyrYry RY Ry rY ry Sign of a ______________________ cross is a _____________ ratio in offspring. 9:3:3:1 ____ Round & Yellow ____ Round & green ____ Wrinkled & yellow ____ wrinkled & green RRYY RRYy RrYYRrYy RRYy RRyy RrYy Rryy RrYY RrYy rrYY rrYy RrYy Rryy rrYy rryy heterozygous dihybrid

__________ratio is a clue that it’s a ____________________________cross ____ ____________ TRAIT 1 ; ____________ TRAIT 2 ____ ____________ TRAIT 1; _____________ TRAIT :3:3:1 HETEROZYGOUS TWO gene dominant dominant recessive recessive dominant recessive

PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES for DIHYBRID CROSSES

pure round & pure tall = __________ ____ ____ ___________ What gametes can it produce? What are the possible gametes?   R R T T R T   R TR TR TR T

Heterozygous Tall = __________ & pure round ____ ____ ___________ What gametes can it produce? What are the possible gametes?   T t R R T R   t Rt Rt Rt R

Hybrid tall = __________ & pure wrinkled ____ ____ ___________ What gametes can it produce? What are the possible gametes?   T t r r T r   t rt rt rt r

Heterozygous tall = __________ & hybrid round ____ ____ ___________ What gametes can it produce? What are the possible gametes?   T t R r T RT r   t rt rt Rt R