Macromolecules Section 2.3 Notes

A little chemical review Molecules Compounds Bonding

“Organic” means “Carbon” Organic compounds make up all living things. All living things are built on a carbon backbone. “Carbon-based life forms”

The versatile carbon atom 95% of living things are made up of Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, and Nitrogen. Carbon can make four bonds. It easily bonds with itself to form chains, rings and multiple bonds.

Macromolecule categories Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Building Blocks Macromolecules are made up of monomers, otherwise called building blocks, usually found in long chains called polymers.

Carbohydrates Building Blocks Saccharides (sugars) Monosaccharides Common names Sugar Starch Glucose Cellulose Use Energy (main source) Structure Found as Food Pasta Bread Fruit and fruit juices Candy

Carbohydrates

OH H H HO CH 2 OH H H H OH O Glucose

Carbohydrates Storage or use Animals store carbs as glycogen. Plants use carbs as cellulose and store as starch. Invertebrates convert it to chitin. (exoskeletons)

Lipids Building Blocks Fatty acids Common names Fats Oil Waxes Steroids Use Energy Insulation/Protection Coloration Found as Food Animal Fats Vegetable oils Butter

Lipids: Fats & Oils

Lipids

Storage or use Steroids:estrogen and testosterone Pigments Cholesterol Cell membrane Saturated or unsaturated fat

Protein Building Blocks Amino acids Common names Meat Collagen Enzymes Hormones Use Structure Catalysts Cellular Transport Found as Foods Meat Beans Peanuts

Proteins

Protein

Storage or use Enzymes: insulin, pepsin, lactase. Hair Bones Muscles Over 1/2 of the bodies dry weight

Nucleic Acids Building Blocks Nucleotides Common names DNA RNA Use Store and transmit hereditary information Make proteins Found as Food All cells nuclei

Nucleic Acids

Storage or use DNA in nucleus of cell RNA are found in three forms: messenger RNA, transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA.