Chapter 2 Means to an End: Computing and Understanding Averages Part II  igma Freud & Descriptive Statistics.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Lesson Describing Distributions with Numbers parts from Mr. Molesky’s Statmonkey website.
Advertisements

© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education The Statistical Imagination Chapter 4. Measuring Averages.
Measures of Central Tendency.  Parentheses  Exponents  Multiplication or division  Addition or subtraction  *remember that signs form the skeleton.
Measures of Central Tendency. Central Tendency “Values that describe the middle, or central, characteristics of a set of data” Terms used to describe.
Calculating & Reporting Healthcare Statistics
B a c kn e x t h o m e Parameters and Statistics statistic A statistic is a descriptive measure computed from a sample of data. parameter A parameter is.
Intro to Descriptive Statistics
Business Statistics: A Decision-Making Approach, 6e © 2005 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 3-1 Introduction to Statistics Chapter 3 Using Statistics to summarize.
CRIM 483 Descriptive Statistics.  Produces values that best represent an entire group of scores  Measures of central tendency—three types of information.
Central Tendency.
Central Tendency and Variability Chapter 4. Central Tendency >Mean: arithmetic average Add up all scores, divide by number of scores >Median: middle score.
1 Measures of Central Tendency Greg C Elvers, Ph.D.
Chapter 4 Measures of Central Tendency
Measures of Central Tendency
Means & Medians Chapter 5. Parameter - ► Fixed value about a population ► Typical unknown.
Descriptive Statistics Measures of Center. Essentials: Measures of Center (The great mean vs. median conundrum.)  Be able to identify the characteristics.
AP Statistics Chapters 0 & 1 Review. Variables fall into two main categories: A categorical, or qualitative, variable places an individual into one of.
Describing distributions with numbers
Part II Sigma Freud & Descriptive Statistics
Chapter 3 – Descriptive Statistics
Methods for Describing Sets of Data
Chapter 3 Averages and Variations
Copyright (C) 2002 Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1 Understandable Statistics Seventh Edition By Brase and Brase Prepared by: Lynn Smith.
Part II  igma Freud & Descriptive Statistics Chapter 3 Viva La Difference: Understanding Variability.
Chapter 3 Descriptive Statistics: Numerical Methods Copyright © 2014 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 3 Descriptive Statistics: Numerical Methods.
Descriptive Statistics: Numerical Methods
Describing distributions with numbers
The Practice of Statistics Third Edition Chapter 1: Exploring Data 1.2 Describing Distributions with Numbers Copyright © 2008 by W. H. Freeman & Company.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2010 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Descriptive Statistics: Numerical Methods.
Copyright (C) 2002 Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1 Averages and Variation.
DATA ANALYSIS n Measures of Central Tendency F MEAN F MODE F MEDIAN.
INVESTIGATION 1.
Understanding Basic Statistics Fourth Edition By Brase and Brase Prepared by: Lynn Smith Gloucester County College Chapter Three Averages and Variation.
 IWBAT summarize data, using measures of central tendency, such as the mean, median, mode, and midrange.
Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Application, 9 th edition. Gay, Mills, & Airasian © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Measures of Central Tendency: The Mean, Median, and Mode
Part II Sigma Freud and Descriptive Statistics Chapter 2 Computing and Understanding Averages: Means to an End.
Part II  igma Freud & Descriptive Statistics Chapter 2 Means to an End: Computing and Understanding Averages.
Describing Data Descriptive Statistics: Central Tendency and Variation.
Summary Statistics: Measures of Location and Dispersion.
LIS 570 Summarising and presenting data - Univariate analysis.
Averages and Variability
The Third lecture We will examine in this lecture: Mean Weighted Mean Median Mode Fractiles (Quartiles-Deciles-Percentiles) Measures of Central Tendency.
Summation Notation, Percentiles and Measures of Central Tendency Overheads 3.
Measures of Central Tendency PS Algebra I. Objectives Given a set of data, be able to find the following: 1) mean* 2) median* 3) mode* 4) range 5) first.
Data Description Chapter 3. The Focus of Chapter 3  Chapter 2 showed you how to organize and present data.  Chapter 3 will show you how to summarize.
Descriptive Statistics: Measures of Central Tendency Donnelly, 2 nd edition Chapter 3.
Describing Data: Summary Measures. Identifying the Scale of Measurement Before you analyze the data, identify the measurement scale for each variable.
Statistics -Descriptive statistics 2013/09/30. Descriptive statistics Numerical measures of location, dispersion, shape, and association are also used.
Measures of Central Tendency.  Number that best represents a group of scores  Mean  Median  Mode  Each gives different information about a group.
Descriptive Statistics Measures of Center
Descriptive statistics
PRESENTATION OF DATA.
Chapter 3 Descriptive Statistics: Numerical Measures Part A
4. Interpreting sets of data
How to describe a graph Otherwise called CUSS
Chapter 3 Describing Data Using Numerical Measures
Means & Medians Chapter 4.
Means & Medians Chapter 4.
Box and Whisker Plots Algebra 2.
Means & Medians Chapter 5.
Organizing Data AP Stats Chapter 1.
Means & Medians Chapter 4.
Means & Medians Chapter 5.
Chapter 3 Data Description
Means & Medians.
Unit 2: Descriptive Statistics
Means & Medians Chapter 4.
Presentation transcript:

Chapter 2 Means to an End: Computing and Understanding Averages Part II  igma Freud & Descriptive Statistics

Measures of Central Tendency What is Central Tendency? Three different measures of central tendency… or “averages” Mean – typical average score Median – middle score Mode – most common score What is Central Tendency? Three different measures of central tendency… or “averages” Mean – typical average score Median – middle score Mode – most common score

Computing the Mean Formula for computing the mean “X bar” is the mean value of the group of scores “  ” (sigma) tells you to add together whatever follows it X is each individual score in the group The n is the sample size Formula for computing the mean “X bar” is the mean value of the group of scores “  ” (sigma) tells you to add together whatever follows it X is each individual score in the group The n is the sample size

Things to remember… N = population size n = sample size Sample mean is the measure of central tendency that best represents the population mean Mean is VERY sensitive to extreme scores that can “skew” or distort findings – called “Outliers” “Average” could refer to mean, median or mode… must specify. N = population size n = sample size Sample mean is the measure of central tendency that best represents the population mean Mean is VERY sensitive to extreme scores that can “skew” or distort findings – called “Outliers” “Average” could refer to mean, median or mode… must specify.

Example: Car Mileage Case Sample mean for five car mileages 30.8, 31.7, 30.1, 31.6, 32.1 LO1 3-5

Computing the Median Median = point/score at which half of the remaining scores fall below and half fall above. NO standard formula Rank order scores from highest to lowest or lowest to highest Find the “middle” score BUT… What if there are two middle scores? What if the two middle scores are the same? Median = point/score at which half of the remaining scores fall below and half fall above. NO standard formula Rank order scores from highest to lowest or lowest to highest Find the “middle” score BUT… What if there are two middle scores? What if the two middle scores are the same?

Example: Car Mileage Case Example 3.1: First five observations from Table 3.1: 30.8, 31.7, 30.1, 31.6, 32.1 In order: 30.1, 30.8, 31.6, 31.7, 32.1 There is an odd so median is one in middle, or 31.6 LO1 3-7

Weighted Mean Example List all values for which the mean is being calculated (list them only once) List the frequency (number of times) that value appears Multiply the value by the frequency Sum all Value x Frequency Divide by the total Frequency (total n size) List all values for which the mean is being calculated (list them only once) List the frequency (number of times) that value appears Multiply the value by the frequency Sum all Value x Frequency Divide by the total Frequency (total n size)

A little about Percentiles… Percentile points are used to define the percent of cases equal to and below a certain point on a distribution (i.e. data set). 75 th %tile – means that the score received is at or above 75 % of all other scores in the distribution 25 th %tile – means that the score received is at or above 25 % of all other scores in the distribution “Norm-referenced” measure allows you to make comparisons Percentile points are used to define the percent of cases equal to and below a certain point on a distribution (i.e. data set). 75 th %tile – means that the score received is at or above 75 % of all other scores in the distribution 25 th %tile – means that the score received is at or above 25 % of all other scores in the distribution “Norm-referenced” measure allows you to make comparisons

Percentiles and Quartiles For a set of measurements arranged in increasing order, the p th percentile is a value such that p percent of the measurements fall at or below the value and (100-p) percent of the measurements fall at or above the value The first quartile Q 1 is the 25th percentile The second quartile Q 2 (median) is the 50 th percentile The third quartile Q 3 is the 75th percentile The interquartile range IQR is Q 3 - Q

Computing the Mode Mode = most frequently occurring score NO formula List all values in the distribution Tally the number of times each value occurs The value occurring the most is the mode Democrats = 90 Republicans = 70 Independents = 140: the MODE!! When two values occur the same number of times -- Bimodal distribution Mode = most frequently occurring score NO formula List all values in the distribution Tally the number of times each value occurs The value occurring the most is the mode Democrats = 90 Republicans = 70 Independents = 140: the MODE!! When two values occur the same number of times -- Bimodal distribution

When to Use What… Use the Mode when the data are categorical (example: # of males vs. females) Use the Median when you have extreme scores (outliers) Use the Mean when you have data that do not include extreme scores and are not categorical Use the Mode when the data are categorical (example: # of males vs. females) Use the Median when you have extreme scores (outliers) Use the Mean when you have data that do not include extreme scores and are not categorical

Using SPSS